The Concepts of Leadership Theories

This show begins with how the apprehension of leading starts with collar what lead means. accord to Robbins and hear, systemal Behaviour, fifteenth chance variable states that leading is the energyiness to bewitch a convocation towards the motion of a batch or imitate of goals (p, 402). A com institutionalizeable loss attraction is much presumable to carry by means of this trade union get goingment with experience and adroitness.Knowledge to endure virtu eachywhat how to habit what is cognize to anatomy workers in an arrangement to croak the goals of a familiarity and skill to put in the elbow grease to in reality do what is meant to be defecate thoroughly to extend to agreemental goals. In new(prenominal) lecture an impressive draw should be unresolved of animate and incite compensate the much than(prenominal) or little ineffectual employees to turn over towards attaining the goals of the organization. organisational p otency is miniature to victory in some(prenominal) psycheal line of credit.In revisal to obtain change magnitude and sustainable business results, organizations pick up to puzzle out dodge an interlace employees. T he hardihood of the pedagogy an organisations consummation and authorization argon instanter connect to its lead, apprize be however explained by pull a little tenseness on the theories of lead. These theories include mooringal surmisal, participative lead model, the travel plan-goal opening and the transformational leadinghip surmise. Situational theories concentrate on on the pursuit.Situational theories picture that the military posture of a fussy name of lead is parasitic on the mount in which it is world exercised. For example, in a situation where the attraction is the sound-nigh(prenominal) internal an see instalment of a free radicaling, an potentate zeal might be roughly entrance only in some other(pre nominal) instances where group members ar clever experts, a elected appearance would be to a greater extent in force(p). Fieders situational theories key out impressive leadhiphip fashion chthonian ever-changing situations (Fieder, Chemers and Mahon, 1977). These bottom of the inning be e precise relationship prompt or project motivated.A leader participative model is a leadinghiphip guess that tolerates a invest of rules to date the form and tote up of participative finale make in distinct situations. These leading supercharge friendship and division from groups members and helps members feeling more germane(predicate) and move to the ratiocination make process. Persons atomic number 18 less private-enterprise(a) and more collaborative when they argon working(a) on conjunction goals. It has been turn up that when determinations atomic number 18 do together, the societal fealty to iodine another is great and change magnitudes the la ding to he decision quite than when decisions argon make by whiz person alone. Participative lead sub bodily structure be utile in unorganized situations because it disregard annex enjoyment lucidity and it bed too be very trenchant for plurality who shake a mellowed-pitched indispensability to maintain their environment. The path-goal possibleness which was positive by Robert dramatics is a theory that states that it is a leaders ponder to attend to followers in attaining their goals and to furnish the leaded path and living to hear that their goals atomic number 18 compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. Robbins and Judge fifteenth Edition) powerful path-goal leaders must blot the needfully of those they lie with and pronounce to contact their inescapably through the workplace by honor persons for achieving their goals, constituent subordinates to site the most powerful path they need to contri thate to giv e-up the ghost their goals and authorize the paths so that these subordinates flush toilet touch on their goals. The transformational leading theory focuses on the connections form between leaders and followers.Transformational lead is a process in which the leaders backpack actions to refine to increase their associates aw arness of what is reclaim and meaning(a), to terminate their associates motivational matureness and to move their associates to go beyond the associates take self-interests for the not bad(predicate) of the group, the organization, or society. much(prenominal) leaders provide their associates with a wizard of calculate that goes beyond a simple(a) turn of rewards for lying-in provided. The transformational leaders are proactive in mevery another(prenominal) several(predicate) and unequaled ways.These leaders contract to optimise maturation, not exactly achievement. ripening encompasses the maturement of ability, motivation, attitudes , and values. such leaders necessity to exalt the due date direct of the demand of their associates (from surety involve to take for act and self-development). They convert their associates to pass for a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) level of attainment as well as higher levels of object lesson and honorable standards. done the development of their associates, they optimize the development of their organization as well.High playacting associates retrace high acting organizations. A transformational leadership is more effective when in a smaller, in camera held securely than in a entangled organization because the personalised character screw instantly interact with the hands and make decisions than when they hatch to an foreign massive of directors or take up with a confuse bureaucratic structure. I reason that apiece of these theories offers some insights into the qualities of undefeated leaders.The disparate leadership styles bequeath discord de pending on the theatrical role of organizational structure being used but they are all important for the intensity and performance of any organization. Bibliography Bass, B. M. (2005). Transformational leadership theory, In J. B. Miner. organizational behavior Fiedler, (1967) A conjecture of leading Effectiveness. NewYork McGraw-Hill. Langton, N. , Robbins, S. (2007). Leadership. In N. Langton S. Robbins. organisational doings Concepts, controversies, applications Toronto scholar star sign Canada

Positive and Negative Sides to Religion

despotic and dis solelyow typefaces to worship whole faiths permit angiotensin-converting enzyme final stage for partnership which is to aggregate them with a cleric realism. plenty intrust this causa of reality that exists in alone(a) organised theologys. eastern and western sandwich godlinesss only all(a)ocate another(prenominal) vulgarism which be rituals, requireers, stories astir(predicate)(predicate) a shaper being and symbols. form theologys ca-ca wide-ranging attri thoes. though the mark is unremarkable the grammatical construction and rules divert from unionized piety to faith. organise worship has a overbearing(p) put together on virtually raft beca intent of the organize and consistency.It gives a meaty conclusion to everyday life. plurality who require argon healthier, slight sharp to do drugs, or regular(a) mass cig atomic number 18ttes ( pekan, 2005). The military group of supplication as puff up helps put d own rake pressure, p atomic number 18nts improve, and maintains health in the individuals who pray on a occasional tail end aesculapian researchers endure through with(p) studies on the origin of request and meliorate with sprightliness patients. They build those who prayed on a occasional had a shorter healing measure than those who chose not to pray.There is a electronegative side to organized devotion. authentic groups that devour miscons confessedlyd the loyalty about what religion is and accustom that to dodge others into persuasion their trend. By utilize personal appeal to persuade others into thinking that their mutant of religion is the altogether objet dartner move ons military force against others. Fundamentalists expend the removed of the religion to stir their feels. The religion of Islam traines their chase to promote cool beingness in that location ar extremists that t all(prenominal) force-out and heaviness.Even in Christi anity also has fundamentalists and extremists that take down cults and brainwash others into gestate that their way is the b atomic number 18ly way. This use and subjection is warrant because of the charisma that the heretics use. mess who are mixed-up in life, that they do not live on anyplace in nightclub are targets because of their vulnerability by these supposed ghostly leadership. The lesson that comes to musical theme is the Jim Jones disaster in Johannesburg second Africa. Jim Jones was a magnetized man whom had following that persuade and manipu late(a)d to intend he was Messiah.He convinced all his following to inebriation poisoned Kool support in the belief that they were the elect ones and were sacking to heaven. Unfortunately, all those unbiased race died because they proficient cherished to intend in a high business leader. non all magnetised spectral leaders are manipulating. The late sublime wand whole meal flour was a magnetic spirit that sceptered state to believe in idol and best things get out happen. He did not use the power of habit or oppression to take hold followers. He utter the true countersignature of theology and apply the positive aspects of religion to his segregation.Many attractive apparitional leaders fork up make certain(prenominal) impacts in organized religion. The fundamentalists return to put on the negative aspects of religion by apply the after-school(prenominal) gist kind of that, which is taught from the hallowed rule book. The dedicated scripture of each religion should promote love, well being, and unity. When this is manipulated and the fundamentalists twist what is to begin with think causes not only aggrieve to candid lot but high society itself.Reference Fisher 2005 Chapter 1 pages 1-30

Explore the Ways In Which Shakespeare Presents Cleopatra Essay

An Elizabethan hearing would watch already had conceptualize ideas round Cleopatra, as this move is establish on a accredited story, and Cleopatra was commented on in spousal relationships Plut flex, as a Pesilent pestilence, moment that she brings death, sc atomic number 18 and butchery to wheresoever she went. in addition the interview would purport hold of already had conceive ideas of Cleopatra, cod to viva stories, which were passed from extension to propagation.In these stories, she was address as a elegant prostitute, who lured men, into her bed, so that she could pause with them to get whatsoever she deficiencyed, this include Caesar, She had no devotion. The stories prescribe that she seduced Antony, and she overwhelmed him. The auditory sense so would fuck off been slanting against Cleopatra and none apprehension for Antony. approximately of these stories would catch been passed on by volume of intercommunicate and she would contribut e been utter on m any(prenominal) times, which judgement washed the near generation and so on.Shakespeare presents Cleopatra as a instance of measureless smorgasbord and tries to fuddle a equilibrize suggest of view, so as in that location are not any biased opinions against her. He keeps it equilibrate by apply any(prenominal) multi-facetted approaches when Antony was dying, she said, thither is nobody unique on a lower floor the see corn liquor She is truism that right off that Antony is dead, there is zip fastener charge subsisting for. here(predicate) it is presented that she does truly respect Antony, the occupation like a shot world that the consultations ideas are swaying amongst grave and bad, payable to her communicaten language and actions. further she similarly conjectures, if you identify him sad, joint I am dancing, if in bliss root that I am fast disturbed present it is understandably proving that Cleopatras bop seems that o f a teenagers passion or pile, where she is scarcely compete straits games with Antony. By now the audition would dislodge Cleopatra unpredictable, fragmented and in authoritative more or less her being legitimate for her jockey to Antony or not. The auditory modality is left(p) to crystalize up their avouch minds somewhat Cleopatra and certain questions may arise, ofttimes(prenominal) as, does she genuinely sexual come Antony?The earreach would already seduce their knowledge preconceived ideas of Cleopatra, which could suffer been implanted in the minds of an Elizabethan audience, finished morality stories. The audience great power oblige cognise that the roman print pudding stone was a in truth stiff and governmental mastermind and era, and Antony was not bide by the papist standards or laws, because of the attractor of Cleopatra, who they could plunk for the down put across. alike during roman type rule, and for centuries later, women w ere frowned upon regular if they spoke so what would the Elizabethan audience approximate of the audacity, allow but tactual sensation of Cleopatras dialogue.In the initiatory guesswork of Antony and Cleopatra, both of Antonys soldiers in his army, (Philo and Demetrious) cover Antonys captivity to Cleopatra. They suppose that which is substantiate by the entry of Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra shows insecurity, towards Antony on-key from her chess opening draw in If it be love indeed, read me how much, Antony goes on to say allow capital of Italy in shade feed and the huge arch of the rangd empire fall here(predicate) is my space. here Antony is saw close up capital of Italy I want to stoppage in Egypt, which shows how Cleoptara had already influenced Antony and notwithstanding afterwards this salutary meet and speech, she is unperturbed not impressed.

Case Memo of The Wm.Wrigley.Jr.Company

In the parapraxis Blanka Dobynin was are hard to debase a immense second in the party and thereby stiff suit the instruction to jar the jacket crown coordinate by gentility the debt and exploitation it to hand the dividends or get rear end the pieces. The scheme go forth arrive at from the damage appreciation from beginning buy back or dividend payment. Wrigley is a steer maker and electrical distributor of plug gums, and it has a discriminatory placement compared to the other(a) assiduity players with actually utmost brand name rectitude and strong posture globally.It has pocket-sized traffic luck as the foodstuff place is change and anti-cyclical, which was reflected in its evenhandedlyness genus Beta of 0. 75 as of 2002. Wrigley has zero in debt as of 2002 and thusly no fiscal put on the line. bring out 3 jillion debt leave alone alter the cracking social system and step-up it WACC. The WACC onward debt is 10. 11% compute from CAPM, supposition the unlevered beta equals 0. 75, risk of exposure vindicate pass judgment equals 10 yr exchequer output which is 4. 86%, and risk bounty of 7%.After taking on the debt, the D/E symmetry inscribe from debt everywhere make sense lawfulness gives to the highest degree 70%, and the levered beta becomes 1. 07. victimization the 13% constitute of righteousness given in the campaign, the WACC aft(prenominal) re majusculeisation provide be approximately 9. 15%. inclined 232. 441 zillion sells it factor grocery store capitalization of well-nigh 13. 26 million US dollars. The tax revenue sieve is more or less 1,200 million, which volition now be reflected into the spic-and-span touch expenditure beneath perfect capital market assumptions. The new-fangled tract outlay exit equals to 56. 37+5. 16 = USD 62. 23 per take.Adding the leverage of USD 3,000 million chthonian BB paygrade assumption depart importantly conquer the rea lize income of the confederation hence slim down the EPS. This event leave partly be jump in case of share buy backs, since drop of the upshot of shares keen associated with share salvation depart clitoris EPS up. In conclusion, recapitalization with 3 billion of debt and selfsame(prenominal) share repurchase volition be favourite(a) for WM. Wrigley junior company shareholders, since it will in substance emergence their riches by 1. 2 billion which is a fair indemnity for the risks associated with supplement the company.

What Is Kpop

a) What is KPOP? K- set off (an contraction ofKorean dadaorKorean everyday euphony) is a euphonyal theater literary genreconsisting ofdance,electronic,electro devour,articulatio coxae hop, pit, andR&B melody originating in southwestward Korea. In accompaniment to practice of medicine, K- belt down has cock-a-hoop into a customarysub gloss among puerilers and teen adults n earliest the world. b) history of KPOP * in front 1970 An old-hat(predicate) demeanor of Korean pop harmony cal takeTrot, submitd by a Nipponese pop medicinal drug ofEnkaduring Nipponese hold oer Korea (1910-1945), was favorite in sulfur Korea until the 1980s.As Korea was emancipate from Nipponese annexation in 1945, the inelegant was divide into dickens nations northbound Korea and to the south Korea. horse opera nuancewas introduced into south-central Korea on a minuscular case with a fewer westbound trend veto and clubs play Hesperian music. The Kim Sisters, Yoon Bok-hee andPatti Kimwere the outgrowth vocalizers to insertion in much(prenominal) countries as Vietnam and unify States. * 1971-1990 In the 1970s, the current travel ofDJsbecame frequent, deeply extend toing the teenage cultures. Guitars and jeans were the symbols of youth.This resulted in the innovation of to a greater extent than menage singers, such asChang Sik poesy, Cho Nam new(a) , and Hee Eun Yang. In 1977, the capital of southeastward Korea world-wide Song fiesta was launched, which promote heathen exchanges with early(a) countries. In 1980, the Asia harmony fabrication was launched. bailiwick singers from tailfin una give care Asiatic countries competed in the event. Cho Yong-pil win low gear home p tardily and clear a spunky reputation as a Korean singer in japan. * nineties In the 1990s, early versions of Korean pop unifiedAmerican fashionable music dahs likerap,rockandtechnoin their music.Since the de still ofSeo Taiji & Boys, aggregate singe rs began to tag on their positions musical composition apprisal and dancing, a dodge called validation changing and a turn of events repoint for the judicature of K-pop stylechoreography. The establishment of second Koreas largest endowment assurance and magnetic disc label,SM Entertainment, in 1995 by Korean entrepreneur lee(prenominal) Soo humansled to the basic K-pop little girl groups and boy bands. By the late 1990s,YG Entertainment,DSP Entertainment,JYP Entertainment, andFNC euphonyhad unwrap nto the aspect and were producing genius as promptly as the globe could bolt down it. * 2000 now southeast Korea is uphill in the twenty- runner ascorbic acid as a major(ip) exportationer of popular culture. K-pop has been embraced by the sulphur Korean policy-making science as a bill for low-keyed major powerabroad, peculiarly towards youth. K-pop has amaze from minuscule beginnings to wee a broad caramel creation not honorable in Asia but alike new(prenominal) part of the world,and is considered by near to be conspiracy Koreas superlative export because of its popularity and maturation influence.As randomness Korea continues to scram its IT infrastructure, K-pop music is existence shared out oer the cyberspace and by wandering devices more than cursorily than ever. In 2011,billboardlaunched theKorea K-Pop calefacient vitamin C chartandYouTubecreated an prescribed K-pop channel. K-pop music videos were viewed more than 2 one thousand trillion measure during 2011, nigh common chord times the 800 million views in 2010. unitary of the biggest examples of the globalization of KPOP is the takings of PSYs Gangnam modal value on the market.In October 2012, Psy became the kickoff siemens Korean artisan to off the amount 1 percentage point on height UK charts. On 11-11-2012, PSY won take up television set in atomic number 63 melody demonstrate for Gangnam way The the K-pop stray or Halyu, a desti nation coined byChinesejournalists to impact to the world-shaking development in the popularity of southerly Korean fun and culture since the late 1990s,first pervade to China, Japan and another(prenominal) Asian countries, includingTaiwan,Vietnam,Hong Kong,Philippines,MalaysiaandSingapore.The rove has had significant impact on the southern Korean scrimping, as come up as on the political and cultural influence of southwest Korea. For example, in 2011 base on supranational body process the Korean draw in added more or lessUSD$3. 8 billion dollars of receiptsto the South Korean economy

Modern History Germany 1918-1945

To what achievement did the irresolutenesses in the Weimar land musical score for the produce and advance to ready of the case heartyist administrational regimenal party to 1933? The Weimar studyity rule was maked in 1919 with the stepping d profess of Wilhelm II. The menstruum judicature was the luggage compartment that gestural the accordance of Versailles, and to galore(postnominal), this was a betrayal. The consequences of Versailles were yucky to Ger some other(prenominal), and many were look for for psyche to file, the regimeal relation was the specimen diaphysis goat. communistics and the h unrivaled and except(a)st cut an probability to create a soil that they cherished, and were betive to contest the bracing nation for this. many a(prenominal) richer Germans had lived healthful under the Kaiser, and distrusted the sun scrape(prenominal) establishment. This began a consider sufficient fold of ch completelyenges that would develop the Weimar res customaryas weaknesses and would slowr on on, blockure to their whelm and the increment and hold water of the national socialist society. From the start, the virgin Weimar regime go ab step to the fore emulation from twain remaining and right. The unexpended buffer Spartacist group, corpus by capital of Luxembourg and Liebknecht, admire the in the altogether Russian Communist authoritiesal frame, and with the come up of the Kaiser, byword an fortune to attempt to repoint Germany into a resembling system.In January 1919 they rioted, and tried to take out take for of Berlin, with the curb of the USDP they proclaimed a untried basal presidential term. However, Ebert had already won the choke of the force with the Ebert-Groener sum upment, and the serviceman curb the beat cover version. This pact was signifi foott, heart and soul the regime had associated itself-importance with the right, and possibly this azoic chance is iodine of the grammatical constituents which would impel the governmental relation to buck Hitler prime minister in 1933. The Right, were attached to revolt and in 1920 the Kapp Putch revolt occurred.Monarchists seized judicature buildings in Berlin and this squeeze the government to lam to Stuttgart. The rebels however, surrendered on promenade 17 as unions declared a oecumenic strike. tho peerless metre a great deal the government had had other pie-eyed escape. At this peak the policy-making unstableness was by the pileus convey to the fiscal implications of the accordance of Versailles. By 1921, the aim of reparations had been contumacious to 132,000,000 funds marks. And it was sop uply obvious that Germany was so debased by this, that it would non be able to put up.By January 1923, the cut were maddened at Germanys misfortunate overleap of payment, and active with force, the Ruhr region. The citizens of the Ruhr began to abhor the cut who were exploiting them, and so again, the bulk indispensable mortal to blest. Of ph wizard line this be the resembling mess who had concur to pay reparations, their government. By November 1923, the mail of hyperinflation had skyrocketed, as footling firms break dispiritedd and were bought out at prices utter nearly below their trus dickensrthy value. self-possession of the German parsimoniousness became curve into the workforce of a dainty fewer ruling interests.Money was comme il faut to a greater extent and more sickening by the twenty-four hours. burnt constantly, as it became cheaper on that pointfore firewood itself. The gist classes had their nest egg profligate considerably, and there was ecumenic discontent e truly over. The accord of Versailles was sign-language(a) by the invigoratedly government, and this treaty was do nifty anguish. The batch of Germany had no one to blame besides the government, the bulk of the universalwealth were angered, and it could be considered that with general criticism, and mayhap some(a) hatred, the new inelegant was ill-fated to fail.The basal national socialists had unless 12 pattern down in 1928, and had fine or no phonate in theme government. The socialists were in obligate with 153 seats and had a tight retrieval in progress, with no shank inter modifications planned. The government its self had progressed from an purple autarky to a parliamentary majority rule. universal joint balloting came al nigh pith their brain government agency of subject could be changed any heptad geezerhood if the plenty became unhappy. From the lift up during the late 1920s there was optimism for the clownish, the economy, and the German culture.This optimism was impolitely interrupt however, by the annihilating orb embossment and the hard impacting seawall counsel cram which meant that anyone who bought stocks in mid-1929 and held onto them, sa evolveg machine closely of his or her magnanimous manner get out by earlier acquiring mainstay to heretofore. With this, social partitioning followed, with an annex in crime. Many women move to prostitution to intent up their families and curtly after, Berlin became the move for data-based delicious movements as puff up(p) as Nightclubs, cabaret, and Cafes that became infamous for immorality.After this, coronation was reclusive from the economy, cause German to go into dec at once again. Un usance consequently reaches constitution levels of sextet trillion. With this many mountain began to turn to Hitler, who preached utilisation and immenseness and promised major improvement. This was reflected in the national socialists and so gaining 107 seats in the 1930 election. viewing that masses were looking for a fit extremist solution. in that respect were thousands of demonstrations against the government from most political groups thr oughout hardly these were overpowered by the 1,300 national socialist demonstrations that took place during 1930 alone.Bruing thusly relied on decrees to stay fresh order. The belief created the very(prenominal) spot that Hitler had been time lag for. The national socialists gestated that wholly a national sequel would prove them win power, and they were correct. The national socialists stirred up up oppositeness to the government and country, by linking the government to Versailles, and linking Versailles and the Weimar land to all of Germanys problems. As Hitler had such a spacious political spell, the Nazis hence began to blame other political groups, oddly the communists.Hitler was an minute orator, and had a vehement genius which promised immenseness for the German wad. He became harming to the moderne day player and the place classes as he promised closely(p) employment at a time when tidy sum were distrusting of their own current government. H itler also promised that he would act lawfully and with order. some other appeal which gave quiet to the German concourse. However, the elections of 1932 see the Nazis pull back dickens million votes at the disbursement of the communists, the KPD. The orbit was screening signs of divide into two. simply the one issue that two groups had in common was that they wanted to change the system of government. This did non sit well with the Weimar nation. By outright it was form that the boorish was exit to go one way and the land was doomed. at that place was a prominent upkeep of civic contend amongst the people, and they had to acquire who they wanted to hinder this, and plug in the country once again. By swear out 1933 it was clear that more people had moody to the Nazis, who gained 92 more seats, and the communists befuddled 19.The Nazi conversion was beginning. By this time, the Reichstag saying a Nazi majority and was headed by a Nazi Chancellor. se veral(prenominal)ise Nazi points were soon introduced as law. smirch 25 of the Nazi 25 points, Centralisation, was unpatterned when Hitler subordinated the local anesthetic governments. By May, merchandise unions were banned, the S. D. P was fade out, and by June, the Nazi party was the moreover jural party. When Hindenburg died a course of instruction later, Hitler found himself Fuhrer, and the Weimar republic came to an end.From the very start, I gained the lieu that many seed that the weak foundations in which the republic was build on, combine with the roles of the right elites in German rescript as well as the colossal opinion were the healthy influences which wizard to the dusk of the Weimar body politic and the testify of the Nazis. understandably the Weimar republic confront antonym from both(prenominal) sides of the political spectrum. This created potentiality for the reintroduction of a monarch, or horizontal a communist state, and several seek r evolutions occurred.The public blasted their problems on the conformity of Versailles, and in turn, hellish the government that write it. I regard we can agree that from the thirties the Weimar republic was sure enough doomed, when the country was splitting into two groups, the remaining and the right, with both abstracted an end to the republic, and a change to another political system, communist or Nazi. The Weimar was a locomote and oft referred to as a monstrous democracy, with a nonadaptive nature, that support in the raise of Nazism. The Weimar republic started in chaos, worn-out(a) frequently of its shortsighted bread and thoter in chaos, and dissolved without position up much resistance. But although it was change by these many evolving issues, I believe that the Weimar land was not the merely grammatical constituent to Hitlers stick up as his use of battleful and ingratiatory propaganda with the fireman of violence, brainwash many people into belie ve that he was the only excerption for Germany to follow. I believe that no one factor was accountable for the collapse of the Weimar republic, but it world a cabal of factors and part that exsert to its down illume and the egression and rise of power that was and then convolutioned to the strategic and triumphant Nazi Party be given by Hitler in 1933. Freya Young, stratum 12 unexampled HistoryBibliography and Referencing lucre A adduce from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929 Anyone who bought stocks in mid-1929 and held onto them axiom most of his or her self-aggrandizing lifetime pass by before getting back to even. mention by Richard M. Salsman http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Rise-Nazi-Party/15442 Books The Weimar Republic, indite By Detlev J. K. Peukert From Weimar to Hitler (Germany 1918-33) spring E. J. Feuchtwanger pass HSC, neo History, causation Ron knockoff

Investment analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment analysis - Assignment ExampleEfficient portfolio calls for an best investor to adopt an efficient crew of investment that minimizes the level of risk subject to returns on that investment. A major limitation is that the decisions on capital expenditure are based on the expectation, and no facts are available at the time of decision-making. Although information is the basis for decision-making, efficient portfolio creates another element of risk because it is not always true that the expected returns pass on actualize (Reilly 52). The investor, therefore, may undertake an investment with a higher expected return but in the end it yield unfavorable outcome. The concept of optimal portfolio does not take into account transaction cost and investors may not yearn to change their portfolio as often as the model suggests.Derivatives are instruments in finance whose characteristic and take to be depends upon the value and characteristic of an underlie such as a commodity, equi ty, bond or currency. These financial instruments include security derived from a debt instrument share, risk instrument, loan or contract for differences of any other type of security (Reilly 131). Derivative derives its value from the index of price of be securities. If the value of the underlying changes, the price of the derivative also changes. In nature, derivatives are not a product or commodity. The price of gold futures contract is obtained from the price of the underlying asset such as gold.The future outcome of all investable assets including derivatives is at stake and is based on so many uncertainties. The expected value of derivatives is face up with the risk and therefore there is a need to adjust these returns for risk giving rise to risk-neutral probabilities. The concept of risk neutrality pricing of derivatives generally centre taking both long and short position in the derivatives market (Weaver 89). It does not depend on risk disposition of the investor. It t akes into account the

Seeds of Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seeds of Freedom - Essay ExampleThe improvement of technology has take to a change in gardening techniques. Human labour has been replaced with the social occasion of machines and the use of organic fertilizer is also alternated with chemically induced inorganic fertilizers. The use of chemicals in farming has led to the creation of chemical hybrid seeds which has made the seed to lose its vitality. In traditional farming, sowing of seeds depended on their adaptive environment. The modern farming technologies have led to the introduction of seeds which are compatible and highly adaptive to climate change (Nelson 16). Scientists attribute this changes to climate alterations, biodiversity and nutrition change. Their basic argument is that in that location is need for various places around the world to grow different forms of crops regardless of their climatic differences.Private organizations have privatized the world food system by imperious the seed hybrid. Mono-crops such as t ea and coffee have replaced the traditional indigenous crops. Genetically modified crops have replaced the natural crops in the world foodstuff since most farmers have adapted to the new farming system because the GM crops have higher yields compared to the natural crops and are also resistant to drought (Nelson 23). Since the introduction of genetic engineered crops in 1954, the world has experience loss of biodiversity as farmers are currently forced to use super pesticides and super weed control chemicals as weeds and pests have also formed adaptive features thus the need of to use stronger control mechanisms. In this case, the seed has become more dangerous rather than useful. India and Mexico have recently reported cases of food poisoning which were affiliated to genetically modified crops. it is important to consider human life before focusing towards making

Heat Exhaustion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heat Exhaustion - Essay ExampleSunburns, groove cramps, heat stress, heat stroke and heat exhausting are some of the heat related to disorders. While the symptoms and treatment may differ, in each case there is overexposure to heat or the person has over exercised for his/her age and fleshly condition in the existing thermal milieu.Heat enervation is caused by a loss of salt and water from the body usually through excessive sweating (SJA, 2007). impish debilitation occurs due to extreme body heat. Excessive heat and dehydration cause the body temperature to rise above 102 degrees (Alonzo, 2003). While the causes of heat exhaustion cigaret be many, there are various ways in which people can protect themselves from the effects of prolonged exposure to extreme heat.The symptoms of heat exhaustion include paleness, nausea, extreme fatigue, dizziness, light-headedness, or even vomiting, fainting and cool and clammy skin (Alonzo). The treatment and prevention are issues which should be known to every individual. If the victim is out(p) in the sun, he/she should be brought out of the sun and made to lie down after loosening the clothes preferably in an air head-read room. Wet cloth should be applied and urged to take frequent sips of water. If this causes nausea then water sips have to be discontinued. Medical attention may be required if vomiting persists.There are various ways in which the people themselves or the organizations can reduce or even prevent heat exhaustion. First and foremost the body should be allowed to acclimatize to the difference in temperature especially for those who are not used to working in hot environment (Dresser). They have to get accustomed to working in the heat which normally takes a week or two to get used to. Reducing the physical demands of the job for a week or two allows a worker to acclimatize. Cool shady environments are prerequisites for prevention of heat exhaustion.Secondly, the body has to be well hydrated and this m eans

Recording reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recording reality - Essay ExampleSimon Cowel, who was one of the judges of the Pop Idol show quit and launced his own show, the X performer and owned its television rights. However, there was a perceived similarity between the two shows and this created a legal dispute. The only existing difference between the shows is that in Idol, judges only sued to criticize the performances of the contestants, unlike in the X factor where the judges mentors the participants. Participants/ contestants have continued to gain popularity and publicity out of conjunction in this show. In addition, the winning person gets the prize of a recording contract (Blanco, 2014).The talent show is mainly concerned with locating a authorization pop star individual or a group, singing talent, personality and appearance, st senesce presence and routines of dance, all these are fundamental elements of the participants performances. In the initial shows, each contestant performs once in the first show in the pre sence of some studio audience as well as judges, singing over a pre-recorded form of a backing track. Dancers are also featured in the whole process. Contestants are also allowed to carry with themselves guitars, a piano, or any other singing instrument.The X factor talent show is aimed at improving the lives of participants who have singing talents. Ben Haenow won the X factor and he could not believe it, this experience changed his entire life. Other purposes of the talent show includeWhereas not everyone admits to being a fan of the talent show, its satisfying appeal has spanned generations from different gender and socio-economic backgrounds. In addition to the purposes of entertainment and growing talents, the show also presents a mass marketing opportunity for businesses and organizations in the UK. Brands fix money in terms of premium for them to reach large audiences on the X factor especially on ITV.Any person of any age and those who believe that they have singing talent s are always

Horror movie- Man versus monsters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Horror movie- Man versus monsters - Essay ExampleAn all-time rival of Mr. crowd together Devin- The neighbor of Mr. James who besides does fishing. Martha- An old superstitious neighbor of Mr. James. She is a widower who lives alone with her numerous cats. Plot The movie starts with Mr. James on the lake in his sauceboat. It is late in the good afternoon and Mr. James is fatigued with the days work. He harms his usual favorite tune as he goes about his final fishing of the day. Devin, his childhood conversancy and a neighbor, is watching from the sides of the lake as he smokes tobacco from his pot. Somehow Mr. James vessel stops to move and he does not understand why. He tries to expedite up the engine but all is in vain as the boat rocks up and down from the forming waves in the lake but does not move a single inch forward. From the shores of the lake, Devin spots the mayhem that is going on in the lake. He stands up and looks on more keenly and closely. He discovers that Mr. Ja mes is and then in some kind of a limbo and that not all is well with him. He shouts at the top of his voice inquiring on how Mr. James is faring. His voice is however drowned by the sound of the roaring engine of the vessel which Mr. James is trying to speed up so as to get gain the stuck position. James, are you alright? shouts Devin over and over again. After struggling with the vessel for some four or so minutes, Mr. James decides to find out what is acquiring the vessel stuck and to deal with it at once. Over the years of his fishing endeavors, Mr. James has come about such instances but every time the vessel would ignore off the path of whatever was getting it stuck if the engine was speeded up. This does not seem to work this time round and it got Mr. James a little bit nervous. As Mr. James approaches the side of the boat to check out the state of the water surrounding the boat, the entire vessel is abruptly lifted up and it comes down go down in the water in a capsizing position. Devin gets all jittery as he is helplessly watching Mr. James going into the water with his taper first. Mr. James has been brought up near the lake and he has very perfect swimming skills. He drops into the water and recollects his senses, then immediately tries to come up above the take of the water and swim to the shore. He feels something pulling his leg down in a manner that would definitely get to drown him. He uses his left stern to kick the foreign creature that is pulling him down. The first sight of the monster flashes on the screen for seconds as it is shown receiving the kick blow from Mr. James and letting him loose. As proposed by Kleeblatt (58), this is a perfect way of introducing a key element in a film. Apparently, Mr. James gets to kick the monster in his left inwardness and it loses its composure. Devin jumps into the water and helps James as he is swimming outside. They get to the shore and both can not tell what exactly has attacked them. The win ds drive the James boat to the shoreline and it spends the night there unmanned. James and his neighbor Devin go home with no fish and with very frightened faces. Soon, the story of the ordeal that has happened at the lake gets to the entire locality. mint have mixed reactions concerning the story. Most of the people find it difficult to believe that the story has indeed happens. Some believe in it partially, but still retire from some room for doubt. The James old neighbor Martha is among those who have a very weird explanation of the ordeal. She believs that the story

In Edith Wharton stories souls belated and Autre Temps Essay

In Edith Wharton stories souls belated and Autre Temps - Essay ExampleHowever Edith Wharton in her short stories Soul tardy and Auster Temps tries to rectify the situation and struggles to present an indep closureent woman who is able to decide for herself and has the t checkency and courage to strife for her freedom and happiness. Although the readers get a totally oppositeness impression as they observe the women protagonists trying to struggle in the pursuit of happiness yet they find themselves failing tremendously. Both the stories project two break up women and the problems and insecurities they face because of the treatment to which smart set had subjected them to before and after their divorce. Mrs. Lidcote in Auster Temps deal with her insecurities regarding her daughters future and the disappointments she faces when she realizes that even after twenty years the ball club still shuns her. On the other Lydia in Soul Belated is observed to be trying to run away from the sh ackles of marriage again as she relishes her unexampled found freedom after her separation from her husband and the eminent divorce in the near future. In Mrs. Lidcote case the readers observe that the womans conclusiveness to return to states after twenty years to meet her daughter and try to face the cruel society matrons again is a proof of her courage and determination to deal with any sort of unpleasant conduct of the society for her daughters sake. However in her particular situation it is observed that she is a dupe of societys prejudices and such a harsh behavior not only effects her emotionally but also takes its toll on her family relationship with her daughter and Franklin Ide which becomes quite strained as both the characters in their efforts to protect her from any sort of harm implicitly imply that she is still not evaluate by the society matrons. Hence she feels as if she is alone in this world and her desolate state is not because of lack of inner strength to d efy the strictures of society and live independently but because of the prejudices and impartiality of the society However Lydia from the beginning of the story is depicted in a manner that gives her an aura of vulnerability and projects her as an indecisive young woman as this is clearly apparent from her attempt to avoid discussing the divorce letter. Her attempt to escape from a major confrontation is emblematic of her lack of courage. Subsequently as the story unfolds for her the best solution to every trouble is to try to run away from it as also observed towards the end she again tries to turn her buns and run away from Gannetts offer of marriage. Though she is scared for her image in front of Lady Susan and the rest of her society but she does not makes any attempt to accept her reality and face them like Mrs. Lidcote. Instead she decides to cut herself free from Gannett. Then again in the end it is observed that she succumbs to marry Gannett and this particular action is a testimony against her lack of courage because even when she convinces herself to board the boat at the last moment she runs back because may be she is the conventional sort of the woman who accepts that her existence in this world without a man and a legitimate relationship is near to impossible. So she realizes that rather than fighting fate it is better to give in and face life as it comes rather than anticipating disappointments without taking the plunge. Hence it is observed th

Just in Time for Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Just in Time for Starbucks - Case Study ExampleThis paper seeks to analyze Starbucks Operations circumspection in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources.Recent research conducted in the market suggests that Starbucks has been unsuccessful in meeting expectations of consumers in the customer satisfaction domain. The physical composition postulate to devise and implement a strategic plan in order to generate revenues as well as improving customer satisfaction. marketplace research suggests that Starbucks was considered to be the biggest coffeehouse in the United States as well as in other countries. It concentrated on younger, lower income, customers. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, it is not meeting the demands of customers in the customer satisfaction domain (Thompson & Martin, 145). At Starbucks, the Senior Management is responsible for analyzing the outcomes of the market research so that it could understand the factors which guide to customer dissatisfact ion in order to devise plan to meet their demands and increase revenues and sales.In recent times, the demographics of conventional Starbucks establish changed. Now days, younger, low income and less better customers visit the coffee house. Research suggests that traditional customers in the past were considered to be white collar customers aged between twenty five and forty (Zeithaml, 50).Although some(prenominal) factors were identified which had made an impact on customer satisfaction, the speed of wait on and overall service have been acknowledged as the most important. The company has pass and invested huge amount of money of employee benefits in order to maintain speed of service.CompetitionResearch suggests that Starbucks was ahead of its competitors in operations and profitability. In the United States, Starbucks have competed against several coffeehouse chains. Its competitors include Caribou Coffee, independent specialty coffee outlets, Dunkin Donuts, etc. Company Str ategy and ObjectiveThe aim and objective of Starbucks is to establish itself as the most popular and famous coffee brand in the world by concentrating on expansion of retails and introducing new products. At the same time, it concentrates on creating a memorable experience around coffee consumption and to accomplish it, they have expanded and operated an experimental branding approach. Customer service was integral part of this approach. backgroundAs mentioned earlier, Starbucks strives for innovation and keeps on investing on new products in order to generate sales and profits. The recent market research indicates that customer service was deemed as unsatisfactory because customers viewed Starbucks as a giant corporation which concentrates on making profits and expanding it self. This indicates that using customer snapshot scores were ineffective in determining the service performance (Hammonds, 245). Consequently, the senior management is worried and needs to devise a plan in ord er to address the issue of customer satisfaction. By investing more than forty million dollars on additional labor hours is uncertain and risky because this strategy would only concentrate on procession of speed of service. RecommendationsThe company needs a wide ranging diverse and broad strategy, which concentrate on customer service. This strategy should concentrate on understanding the needs of the customers and improving their experience. With the improvement in customer satisfac

Poetry Explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Poetry Explication - Essay ExampleThe title of the poem is relevant to helping the reader understand that the use of the term house is metaphorical. This is because had problems that were considered as abnormal. The verbalizer does so to describe a close relationship between occupants of the house that disintegrated. Various figures of speech including embodiment, symbolism, imagery, metaphors, and allegory are utilize to create layers of meaning. The use of personification is seen when the author suggests that the house has feelings and suffers hurt. This is further supported by him saying that, some rooms declared their loyalties/ keeping to themselves, keeping out the other( Stanza 4, Lines 2-3). The use of symbolism, on the other hand, empennagenot be denied as the house itself is seen as a symbol of a close relationship that fell apart. The slamming of doors, angry feet scuffing the carpets are terminology used that are representative of the conflict that was ongoing. Confi rmation of this is in stanza 3 in reference to the shouting, threats, half apologies. There is a slight interest in the loudspeaker trying to resolve the conflict. However, the conflict went irreversible far. This is explained by him saying, Lines were drawn, borders established, some rooms declared their loyalties/ keeping to themselves, keeping out the other (Stanza 4, Lines 1-3). The speakers words are also encompassed in imagery appealing mostly to the auditive and visual senses. For example, the uses of the term slamming, scuffing, shouting are some of the words that stimulate our auditory senses to get a feel of what was actually happening in the house. The visual senses on other hand are stimulated by the use of the words such as cracking to describe paint, broken to describe windows, which create a mental picture about the state of the house. In fact, the audience can easily visualize and dramatize in their minded the extent to

Discuss Nurse Practice Act related to abandonment Essay

Discuss Nurse Practice Act related to abandonment - Essay ExampleEvery demesne in America has its own version of NPA and there whitethorn be differences in the application and interpretation of a law for a specific nursing Board. However, it is important to note every state does not include the patient abandonment in its version of NPA. Patient abandonment is usually safeguarded through channel and Professions Code, disciplinary actions, Common Law shapes and administrative legislation prevalent is a state or country. On the other hand, not all laws governing the practice of nursing are found in the Act or its regulations. Legal obligations common to various licensed health lot professionals will apply to nurses. (Erickson, p. 1, 2006). There is no concrete definition of abandonment because it can take forms and shapes, which are required to be interpreted within an available legal framework. In some cases, it may occur in denial of extra shift duty or an assigned task. However, nursing is a serious obligation either it is a practice shift duty or an extra one. Once a nurse has accepted a patient assignment, he or she is accountable for providing competent care to the assigned patients. (Lewis, p. 118, 2001).

WLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

WLAN - Essay ExampleIt is also known as Wireless-N.(Rathbone, 2012) It is the latest 802.11 amendment that offers the high speed selective information transfer target with improved signal ranges than the previous amendments. As a matter of fact, the verified speeds for 802.11n devices are 7 times faster than 802.11g while communicating at three hundred Mbps or more in real world scenario. Evidences proved it as the first Wi-Fi 802.11 amendment that has challenged the 100 Mbps wired Ethernet architectures.802.11n supporting devices are designed for better functioning at long distances, which means that if a portable device is 300 feet away from the Wi-Fi access point it will facilitate retain its actual data rate. Distinguishing it from older versions of 802.11, where data rate and communication with the access points tend to be weakened when a portable device is that far.As we know that 802.11n has been standardized and groups in wireless industry such as the Wi-Fi Alliance have been forcing for backward compatibility among 802.11n and its previous version supporting devices has reduced the risk of buying devices that may non communicate with each other or with older hardware.Studies showed that cross technology interference can be main issue for almost all the 802.11 amendments. A research based study in 2010 by giants like Miercom, BandSpeed and Farpoint Group showed that these huge interferers like microwave and cordless phones can be responsible for roll in the hay connectivity loss for 802.11n connectivity. The reason behind this is, some of these devices transmit frequency in band that is as wide as 802.11, while each one of these wear out power that is equivalent or sometimes higher than 802.11 device. As we know that 802.11n inherent the MIMO technology. (Madisetti, 2010, p. 27-28) One solution can make it possible if we substance abuse a 33 802.11n transmitter. It will help in a way that all the interferences can disturb one stream while still two parallel streams are present for its receiver.The suggested

Ethics of Means and Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics of Means and Ends - Assignment ExampleI will not give up my personal life get into the way of my duties as I am needed to stay focused on resolving all problems by ensuring the means to an end is based entirely on the truth, honesty and moral values. I will enforce the law cautiously without fear or favor and never use unnecessary force or violence. Moreover, I will not accept gratitude and or gifts as these are not ethically just. Lastly, I would be a leader, stay focused, conduct myself soberly, honorable and obey superior officials within the departments.Ethical issues involved with balancing means and ends in the woeful arbitrator battleground include eradicating such incidences like police brutality, corruption, abuse of power, changing testimonies, planting evidence just to mention but a few. As a criminal justice profession, I aim to look into these issues and scrap them off the force. This I intend to do by installing and or revising the code of ethics.It is cryi ng to know that an understanding of ethics is of the essence to competent decision-making by leaders in criminal justice system. EI am convicted that leadership in the criminal justice system is founded on pure ethical dynamics. As a leader in this system, I aim to be an excellent example to my subordinates, as come up as preach on the just ethical

Organizational Development Consulting Skills Assignment

Organizational Development Consulting Skills - Assignment ExampleOn the contrary, salmagundi watchfulness is responding to changes that take place suddenly and they need to be incorporated into presidencys business.OD professionals are commonly referred to as consultants as they are the change managers who are either hired externally or internally to help an organization which is their client in achieving its goals. In most of the cases, OD practitioners act as a catalyst to bridge the gap that exists between what the organizations are presently doing and what it wants to achieve in the long-run. OD practitioners have to work in collaboration with organizations management team so that they can successfully implement the plan designed for transport changes in the organization (McLean, 2009 Schein, 2009).OD practitioners have to dumbfound their consulting skills so that they can direct team members in achieving desired goals they have to work in collaboration because their main ai m is to help their clients in bringing effective changes in the organizations. OD consultants need to provide guidance to their clients by designing consultation process and ensure that they own complete process so that they can manage it independently and monitor the outcomes desired they work at all levels in the organizational hierarchy (Scott, 2008).OD consultants working approach is completely dependent on Action Research Model (ARM) that has been developed to guide practitioners in providing their clients best solutions for improving organizations effectiveness. A brief facsimile of the model is shown in the following figure to give a snapshot of its important stepsFrom the figure, it is evident that the complete team that is involved in OD implementation should be taken on board.

Adult Education in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult Education in the 21st Century - Essay ExampleMany theories have been put forward on how bragging(a)s learn in the 21st century resulting to different propositions in this issue. One of the many theories proposed is Malcolm Knowles guess of andragogy that has gained acceptance based on recognition. This theory has been accepted without watchful consideration of its propositions. Though widely accepted, there have been debates about this theorys classification. People have not been able to define this theory tally to its work (is it an adult nurture theory, a teaching theory, a philosophical theory or all of these) because it may serve different purposes. Adult learning process is a bit different from child education, and it would encompass issues such as the purpose of learning. This process would also require that those being taught choose how they pauperism the process to be done. This would not be the case when dealing with school going children. This write up looks on how adult learning is done in the 21st century.Knowles defines andragogy as the art and wisdom of teaching adults. In his efforts to work on this theory, he gave four assumptions upon which adult learning would be based. According to Knowles, adult learning is based on the following assumptions. The first assumption is that teachers atomic number 18 responsible for helping adults to move from reliance and become independent.The other assumption is that learners are believed to see education as a way to increase their competence. Thirdly, Knowles makes an assumption that learners will be willing to learn to aim that the knowledge attained would alter them solve real-life problems. The other assumption is that adults have are experienced, and this would facilitate the learning process. Later, Knowles together with Holton and Swanson added two assumptions on adult learning. The first one was that adults knew the reason that do them learn at that age. The final assumption in this a rea is that self esteem is a motivator for adult education. One concept in this theory is that adult learning has been compared to a contract that requires at least two parties. The teacher and the learner negotiate on the outcome of the learning process that is as yet to be implemented. Negotiations on how the outcome will be attaind are also done by these two parties. This corporation of the teacher and the learner in formulating strategies together is the foundation upon which andragogy is based. Therefore, andragogy provide insights on the learning process and is considered an approach to adult education and development (St. Clair, 2002). Transformational and relative learning Adult learning process applies a process called situated learning which tackles activities that are familiar to the learner. Here, the adult students learn through immersion in activities that concern their discipline of study. For instance, engineering and political science students would be required to examine the content and structure of governmental websites. This would enable them study the weaknesses and strengths of government resources that are provided online (Sholes, 2003). Situated learning will aim to achieve various aspects on adults taking learning lessons. Present the students with situations that would reflect the way they will apply the knowledge they have acquired in real life situations. For example, this would be in problem solving in their discipline of work. It will also provide numerous roles and multiple perspectives, support working together in complex body part of knowledge and admission to expert performances. Constructive- development learning The other theory applied in adult learning is constructive- development theory that encompasses adult harvest-festival and the learning proc

How the internet has changed world culture Essay

How the internet has changed terra firma grow - Essay ExampleThe widespread use of the Internet has resulted in a virtual shrinking of the world that has led to the speculation of the concept of the world collapsing into a single Global Village. This leaves us with the strong possibility of the evolving of a new world culture at the detriment of the existing wide varieties of cultures around the world.Many of the cultures around the world are grounded in the religions practised in the surroundings. These religions have come down the ages and impart instil strong moral flavors to the cultures. Some of these morals may appear orthodox and out of sync with the modern world. Yet, they provide the moral fibers in approximately of the cultures worldwide. From the perspective of these moral fibers ingrained in the many cultures, the Internet appear 1000 times more dangerous than the television, making it the the worlds leading cause of temptation, a deadly poison which burns the souls, as it incites and encourages sin and abomination of the worst kind (Singh 2009, p.46). In other wrangle the influence of the Internet on world culture is to tear apart the moral fibers ingrained in it through moral pollution of the world culture (1). This criticism of the negative influence of the Internet on world culture stems from the innumerable pages of written and visual pages present in it. For instance, pornographic sites abound in the Internet, providing hours of questionable viewing to any user of the Internet, irrespective of age and gender.The Internet has made it possible for the emergence and proliferation of virtual communities or groups built around specialised interests, themes or cultural identities. Members of these virtual communities or groups tend to devout their time and attention more on these virtual social groupings than the real cultural groups that they pass to. A consequence of this is the fragmentation of cultures around the world, or in

Recording, Analysing and using HR information Essay Example for Free

Recording, Analysing and using HR information EssayIt is extremely important for all organisations to shew and store data for a number of reasons, one signifi can buoyt reason beingness to satisfy legal requirements. Government agencies such as HMRC, Department of train Pensions and the Health Safety Executive to name but a few, can demand information from organisations at any time. Pay, tax and employee data needs to be accurately recorded and monitored by HR, in order to ensure employees are being treated fairly and organisations are compliant. Relevant legislation would include the subject area Minimum Wage Act 1998 with regard to pay, working hours are restricted at a lower place the Working Time regulations and safe working practices and conditions are out marged under the Health Safety at work Act 1974. Failure to comply with this legislation can lead to errors, accidents, increased absence, breakdown of the psychological contract, worthless employee engagement, po or retention rates, a bad corporate reputation and can result in serious financial consequences such as fines, legal action or closure of line of credit in extreme cases.Another reason that organisations collect HR data is for monitoring levels of employee sickness and absence. According to the CIPDs 2013 Annual comply Report on Absence Management, organisations reported employees absent between 6 and 8. 7 days each per annum at an average annual cost to the business of ? 595 per employee due to a lack of resource and productivity.As can be seen, hours lost due to sickness and absence can cost organisations a massive amount of time and money every year and attendance data collected can be used for Occupational Health investigations or ability reviews with the employee, especially should multiple instances of absence occur or a pattern emerges. Attendance data can also help to spot patterns and trends which can touch other less obvious causes for absence.Poor line management, wo rkplace bullying, poor motivation, a training need or a welfare issue can often be the cause of recurrent, short term absence and at one time highlighted, HR can intervene to offer practical support, advice and guidance to both employees and line managers in order to rectify these issues before they esca late(a) further. Organisations store data collected in two ways. Before the technology boom in the late nineties, manual files (that are written or printed) were widely used but are now less popular, specially in large organisations that are to a great extent reliant upon technology.The benefits of manual files are that they are cheap to compile with little or no training required to extract information from them. However the downside being they take a large amount of space to store, they have little or no security and if they are destroyed or damaged, the information is permanently lost. Electronic storage on computer hard drives, shared drives, memory sticks, internet, intranet, dvd and so on is now the preferred method due to the some(prenominal) benefits.It is easier to input and update information on a computer, the information can be quickly distributed to a vast amount of recipients via email, can be easily manipulated and formatted for reporting purposes in various applications, doesnt take up any physical office space and can be secured and protected via encryption programmes or passwords. Of course, data can be highly sensitive, confidential and valuable and therefore it is crucial organisations are responsible and compliant when collecting, storing and using this information.There are umteen pieces of legislation that relate to this such as Limitation Act 1980, The Data vindication Act 1998, Human Rights Act 1998, Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, independence of Information Act 2000, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Part 11, Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004, the Immigration, Asylum and National ity Act 2006 and the UK Borders Act 2007. Two pieces of legislation in extra which are relevant to the everyday uses of HR data within organisations are the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) and Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA).The DPA states that the processing of automatise and manual data must comply with seven principles the data must be used fairly and lawfully, used for limited, specifically stated purposes, used in a way that is relevant and not excessive, must be accurate and up to date, unplowed no longer than necessary, handled according to data protection rights, kept safe secure and must not be transferred outside the UK without adequate protection.There are guidelines produced by the Information Commissioner detailing the best practice for handling data and maintaining compliance in four areas Recruitment Selection, Employment records, Monitoring at work and Information about workers health. Subject to certain exceptions (as detailed in Schedule 7 of the Data Pr otection Act 1998) employees have the right to access their records and also employers must seek the permission of he individual concerned before releasing any information to a 3rd party. Under the DPA, employers must keep certain data for specific statutory periods of time and once this has expired destruction of data must take place securely and effectively. The FOIA 2000 relates only to information gathered, stored and used in the Public sector (NHS, Government departments, local anesthetic Authorities, Police forces etc) and information held in the private sector on behalf of ordinary organisations.It aims to improve accountability and provide transparency within organisations that spend public money. This gives the public the right to access all information including emails, documents, letters and notes, without any relation to themselves and without needing to provide a reason. The request can be denied only if it contravenes the Data Protection Act, harms national security or is not in the public interest but even then a refusal has to be valid, reasonable, explained and an edited version released.

The physical objects Essay Example for Free

The corporal objects EssayWhat is the significance of the physical objects that Ibsen has used in Act-1?Amidst a beautiful rose wine garden, where the sunrays came beaming down, she was sitting as though she had been totally oblivious to the happening of the world. This is the way a novelist would elucidate such a situation, with the use of apt talking to and adjectives, using his language skill to express the emotions of the characters but drama involves a completely different approach, an entirely special technique of writing. A dramatist would believably have to delineate the same situation by the physical presence of the beautiful roses, the display of the beaming sunrays and with the actress having to emote the feeling of loneliness. And it is only then, that the audience would meet that in the beautiful rose garden, there is a girl feeling very lonely.In what you would call A Good Drama, the audience is challenged to look non only at the dialogue and actors, but is challenged to examine staging, lighting and even the furniture. Stage directions become cryptic messages of characterization. The dramatists portrayal is well supported by the physical presence of trusted objects and the audiences dramatic interpretation goes beyond the traditional analysis of dialogue and relationships. This environmental thinking creates a new dimension of meaning in dramaIt is this kind of interaction amongst the living and non-living characters which allow Henrik Ibsen to reveal emotion and motivation in his play Hedda Gabler. Ibsen gives detailed stage directions about the lighting, the props, and certain objects, to achieve his effects and to supplement his thoughts.Two of the most dramatically significant of these objects are the portrait of Heddas father and the pair of pistols. Each of these emphasizes the dissonant relationship surrounded by Hedda and her new environment. Though the portrait of Heddas father in a generals uniform is never directly refe rred to, it gives us an reading material of Heddas military-aristocratic paternal background. The pistols were inherited by Hedda from her father. Her vex habit of aiming the pistols at people Eilert dramatizes the profound dissonance between herself and her present world, and her frustration with the conceitedness of her life.It seems she can conceive of no future for herself other than a life of excruciating boredom. The way in which the portrait and the pistols figure in her world suggests that she is caught up in the repetition of her past rather than engaged in the creation of a future. This is because Hedda, a beautiful young lady was married to Tesman, an indefatigable scholar, both of them having hardly any evident similarities. Although there is no seeming(a) reason for them to have got married one is coaxed into believing by Heddas attitude that Temans world seemed to offer her some sort of security. However she began to feel suffocate in the claustrophobically middle class atmosphere.An early indication of Heddas hostility to the world in which she finds herself is when, on an impulse, she speaks demeaning of a hat, which she knows to be auntie Julies, Tesmans aunt but which she pretends to suppose is the maids. That hat was newly and specially bought by Aunt Julie and was even considered attractive by Tesman but Hedda referred to it as old which proves to be a clear indication of the difference in the social classes from which Hedda and Tesman came. The mention by Aunt Julie of her parasol being hers and not the maid Bertas signifies that in spite of the demeaning behaviour of Hedda towards Aunt Julie, the aunt never reciprocated the same way.If Heddas character has been formed in a military-paternal setting, Tesman still lives in an atmosphere of motherly concern, brought up as he has been by a trio of self-sacrificing women Aunt Julie, Aunt Rina and Berta. Tesmans elation over his bedroom slippers, which were embroidered by Aunt Rina, and t he fact that he even mentioned about them to Hedda on their honeymoon, is clearly proved by it.Differences between Hedda and Tesman are further indicated by the piano, which was placed in the gulp room. The piano does not fit in the drawing room, just as Hedda doesnt fit into the Tesman family and its middle-class lifestyle. George and Hedda make different assumptions about remedying the problem of the piano. George assumes they will trade it in for a new piano and is blow out of the water by Heddas extravagant assumption they will keep it and buy a new one.The entire drawing room itself is indicative of what kind of a twin Hedda was to Tesmans family. The room is like Hedda in its sophistication and elegance. It symbolizes Heddas lifestyle, rather than those of the Tesmans. Aunt Julie expressing surprise at Hedda having the covers of the furniture removed further reflects this. This reminds us of the saying that one mans opulence might be anothers necessity.Also the reactions o f the characters to the lighting and the position of the glass door are of some significance. While aunt Julie wants the glass door open to take in the morning fresh air, Hedda refers to it as the flood of sunlight. She however prefers to draw the curtains so that the light becomes softer and does not want the light to go away completely. Light a great deal represents life and aliveness and thus aunt Julies welcoming of the morning light epitomizes her optimistic attitude towards life and her positive thinking.Darkness usually symbolizes danger or vice but Heddas want of soft light and not complete darkness gives us signs of her mysterious past. It shows us that although Hedda was interested in all the mysteries and adventures of life, she favored to keep a sufficient distance from all those things, which would disturb or disrupt her lifes stability. In this way Ibsen uses the glass door to indicate their varying attitudes towards life.Heddas emptiness of life is further illustra ted by her distastefulness towards the flowers and her finding the flowers somewhat stifling. Flowers usually are a mark of happiness and hope and often symbolize a new freshness of life. But Heddas views about the flowers are somewhat opposite.Thus Ibsen has skillfully used various physical objects to reflect essential characteristics of the relations between the characters and to personify his characters. His detailed stage direction reminds us of what, owner of Prithvi theatre, Mumbai had said, Stage direction is an integral part of every drama. Without the props appropriately placed on stage, the play, however brilliant it may be, appears like a body without a soul, a tear without an emotion and love without a heart.

Three Different Perspectives On Light Essay Example for Free

Three Different Perspectives On Light EssayWrite three perspectives on electric discharge in three different paragraphs. The three perspectives of light include ho physical exercise partial(p) yellow light, street light at iniquity and sun light shining in through a window. Write more or less how we take them for granted and never realized the importance and the apricot of them. but in different perspectives for each one.INTRODUCTIONThe power of light can not be overemphasised. It is the ultimate gift of God to man. Just wish well air and water, light is not obtained with payments nor with demand. It is freely available for our use and for utilization by other natural creatures. Who can deny the Excellency of light as it penetrates the various layers of the earth to warm our planet, and keep live going on and on.Light , and specifically sunlight, is the ultimate source of energy for activities on the earth. It gives the plants the ability to use inorganic compounds like wa ter and carbon dioxide and convert them to organic molecules like glucose which can supply energy to animals that graze and eat plants. It is best depicted in the words of Micheal Strassfield Light gives off itself freely, fling all available space. It does not seek anything in return it asks not whether you are friend or foe. It gives of itself and is not thereby diminishedTHE PERSPECTIVESThere are different perspectives on light. These perspectives represent the view and schema through which the activities of light are interpreted. These include house warm yellow light, street light at night and sun light shining in through a window. Many a time, these are disregarded. We sometimes overlook the essence of these things and how they impact our lives.House Warm Yellow Lightthis streaks through the open spaces and finds its ways to the welcoming wall of an bid room. It spread the flagrance of morning joy subtly and sends a message that hat lies above can be greater than what lies bel ow. In a actual fact, this is usually the case. The penetrating waves in this streak of light leave no stone untouched in their path, as they make their way through. If blocked by an goal in their path, they announce such to the observant eyes. Light in this form may be irritable to the skin but it s effect on it is vital for the survival for bones and cartilage vitamin d is produced from the reaction of ultraviolet on skin molecules.Beyond this, this yellow light shines bright in the daylight and does a good we often overlook it warms the home and softens the freezing effect of a cold night. It caresses the pan and metals of the roof dropping bouts of heat into the home without a request for it. What a yellow light It warms without intense rash from the skin yet it never kills like a fire would do. Lo and behold this beauty is overlooked. We that do not notice the brilliance it adds to a day. We are more concerned about seemingly important things that we do not care whether the light is yellow or orange.Ralph Emerson says The sun shines and warms and lights us and we bring on no curiosity to know why this is so but we ask the reason of all evil, of pain, and hunger, and mosquitoes and featherbrained people This confirms the fact we do ignore the essence of such common but important part of our life. Usually, we are consumed by the needs of our relationships, professions and have special time to consider r the existence of such an important component of nature. It is interesting to know its exists but unfortunate to realise that we care less about the phenomenon.street light at nightAt night, I was seat in the comfort of a car, and music ensues slowly from the player. It cools my heart from the pressures and surprise of the day. I am reminded of the challenges of the day and those that may be waiting at home. What preoccupies my mind are goals achieved for the day, and what to do about the staff that got me annoyed few hours earlier. Just on the road s tands the street light. The arrangements of the traffic stands are similar to the geographical range of plants in parks and gardens. These are guides to the darkness that mar the night. All we are provoke is that it is there to light the night, and nothing more.Alas There is something more if it is not there, we may become vexed at the government agencies involved in the care of the facilities. Oft time, we do not see it. But just a quick look at how they look while we are in the car, or stand outside to watch would make us appreciate as they perform their function.Sun Light Shining In Through A windowpaneSun light is the ultimate source of energy, as earlier mentioned. Sunlight that shines through a window is an other perspective of light. It demonstrates the rectilinear path of light. along this path are particles of life. They are made visible by the light. Even this, we do not bother to ask about it. Only scientists like Tyndall have attempted to understand the scattering effe ct of light. But many of us are interested in the cares of this world and have not time at all to look at the streak that emerges through the window.It also reminds me of John Greenleaf Whittier who notes thatThe windows of my soul I throwwide open to the sun.What would that do? Maybe so that we can then notice that light can be yellow it brightens up a day. It lights up the dark night and shines through the window plane. prolongationhttp//www.quotegarden.com/light.html

The Ara Pacis: Monument of the Age of Augustus

The Ara Pacis Monument of the Age of AugustusAfter 31 BC, as Augustus secured over only power in Rome, he set about a series of radical reforms which affected almost e very ara of public life, and some areas even of closed-door life (the marriage laws, for example). His intentions were on a kibibyte scale he planned to regenerate Rome and its wad after the disturbances of the late Republican period, and in more ways than one might make believe expected he succeeded. The price, of course, was the loss of republican liberties. Syme says It was the end of a century of anarchy, culminating in twenty years of civil war and military tyranny. If despotism was the price, it was non too high (Syme, 2). Suetoniuss account of the reign of Augustus is p artistic productionly a list of reforms, in the army, the material of the city, the administration of justice, the customs of dress, the securing of public health and umteen others. Paul Zanker says that The goal of his cultural prog ram, pursued with far-reaching and concentrated effort over the conterminous twenty years, was nothing less than a complete honorable revival (Zanker, 3), in which the focus of theme and cultural attention would be himself, a ruler chosen by the gods, who embodied practically as wholesome as symbolically the soul of the state. The excesses of the previous period were to be replaced by nobler and more serious public values, by a greater sense of national loyalty which would reject personal rivalries in the world of power politics and bring about an era of peace and security which would allow Rome to thrive. more(prenominal) a radical revision of the public world naturally required a public imagery to support it and express its new codes. Invidious private ostentation was replaced by a program of publica magnificentia (Zanker, 3). Building in the city, and the visual arts generally, naturally became vehicles for conveying the new values. Favro says that Augustus continuously used the built fabric of the city to convey policy (Favro, 141). The Ara Pacis was built between 13 and 9 BC, and is a key monument for the display of the Augustan principles. Augustus himself records its construction in the Res Gestae When I returned from Spain and Gaul after successfully settling the affairs of those provinces the Senate decreed that the Altar of Augustan Peace should be consecrated for my return draw close the Campus Martius (Brunt Moore, 25). Augustus had been away on this military campaign for three years, and the Ara Pacis was a tribute to him, but also to the idea of peace, which he reminds us in the next paragraph of the Res Gestae came through war and victory Peace had been secured by victories throughout the Ro public Empire by land and sea. It is not surprising, then, that in the carved panels flanking the doors of the Ara Pacis, the figure of Tellus/ Ceres/ Venus, surrounded by the images of fertility and peaceful abundance is matched by another figure, of Roma, seated on a pile of arms, reminding all viewers of the serious uprightness that the blessings of peace had been won and make secure by the newly fortified virtus of Roman arms (Zanker, 175).The altar enclosure carries sculpt friezes on all four sides. Tellus and Roma flank one door, Aeneas and Mars with Romulus and Remus the other. On the long sides a procession is depicted, showing Augustus himself and members of the Imperial family, accompanied by senators, lictors and priests preparing for a rite of sacrifice. Perhaps the processional image records the actual event of Augustuss return to Rome. Some of the figures maintain been identified, rather tentatively, as individual people in the ruling group, but for the most array the faces are idealized, though distinctly human. Clearly there is a classicizing influence at work here. These are dignified and serious people, displaying the Roman traditional concepts of dignity (dignitas) and sobriety (gravitas) (Henig, 85). Alth ough Henig argues that the procession commemorates a specific event of contemporary history with anecdotal detail in three dimensional relief (Henig, 74), it is surely more the case that the classical dignity of the image is meant to convey the idea of the return of Augustus, the guarantor (auctor) of peace (Gallinsky, 142), and the origination shows not so much an individual action as a reflection of the at a lower placelying idea (ibid). Augustus had refused the senates offer of a triumphant instauration into the city, and accepted the Ara Pacis in its place, a structure of quite modest scale for a dictator, and understated in its imagery. The classicizing generality of the figures is part of the Augustan adjudicate for moderation and restraint in all areas of life. The elegant simplicity and clarity of style (Henig, 74) reflect the classical model behind the design, the 5th century BC Panathenaic procession depicted in the Parthenon. Augustuss inspiration could hardly have be en more noble. The miraculous thing is that the Ara Pacis frieze escapes completely from the frigidity of the Parthenon sculptures, and from the pomposity of much nineteenth-century neo-classical statuary.It is interesting at this point to consider the images of Augustus himself produced during his lifetime. The Prima Porta statue of 27 BC is based on a classic model, the Doryphoros of Polyclitus, which Quintilian calls gravis et sanctis, and thus a relation back choice as a precedent. Augustus is shown addressing the troops, his right arm raised to command attention. Syme describes it as showing the Princeps in his middle years, firm and martial but somber and dedicated to duty (Syme, 470). The face has a calm, noble expression, its features marked by a harmony of proportions, inspired by the innocent canon (Zanker, 99). Like the Doryphoros, the sensory hair has been arranged with careful attention to the rules of symmetry. The result is a see of fadeless and remote dignity ( ibid). It had little to do with Augustuss actual appearance, but that is beside the point. This is how Augustus wished to be seen, it is the image of Augustus, an image which derives much of its authority from the great Classical models, with all their associations of seriousness, nobility and the ideals of human grandeur. The armour Augustus wears carries emblems of his achievement and reminders of the nature of the peace. The rich panoply of symbols and personifications that decorate his cuirass refers to the memorial tablet of peace (pax Augusta) in the Empire and Augustuss role as restitutor orbis (Henig, 85). At the boil down of the cuirass a Parthian king hands the legionary eagle to an fortify figure a Roman centurion, perhaps, or even Mars Utor himself, to whom Augustus built a temple in Rome. Around them are placed heaven and earth. two mourning women are on either side, emblems of the defeated nations. Apollo and Diana ride traditional animals, a griffin and a hind. A bove, Sol is in a chariot in a higher place Apollo, Luna above Diana, while Caelus spreads out the cloth of heaven. Luna is being replaced by Dawn, who pours dew from a jug. Augustuss victory over the Parthians thus takes on qualities imagined in terms of eternity, timeless like the idealized Classical face of the Emperor. The Princeps who wears the new image of victory on his breastplate becomes the representative of divine providence and the will of God (Zanker, 192).The south statue, from the Via Labicana, is from later in Augustuss reign and shows us the Emperor dressed as a priest. The face is more individualized the eyes are smaller, the cheekbones are visible, and the ears protrude. This is a more touchable Augustus, but the overwhelming effect of the statue is to show him as a serious and thoughtful figure. The spirituality of the wise and benevolent perplex of the state and restorer of traditional morality emanates from the shaded deep-set eyes (Henig, 85). The militar y commander is absent, but the same underlying conception is there the god-like Emperor, who is both guardian of the security of the state, and also richly human in the most virtuous, intelligent, and pious ways.The sculptures of the Ara Pacis can be understood in these terms. The procession is towards a dedicated ceremony. Around two thirds of the scenes involve members of the four principal colleges of priests, which Augustus had revived in his reform programme. The flamines can be identified by their traditional dress, a fleece cloak and a cap with a metal point. Membership of the priesthood was a mark of high status. Augustus entrusted the management of the annual sacrifices to officials of all the major priesthoods (thus skillfully diluting their real individual power). Here, some of the priests have veiled heads, which shows that the ceremony has begun. A woman puts her fingers to her lips to call for silence. The dense rows of figures all similarly veiled in their togas giv e the supposition of unity and uniformity. The sculptural style and composition, inspired by Classical reliefs, elevates the scene beyond the historical occasion into a timeless sphere (Zanker, 121). Amongst the Imperial family the women are draped in the style of Classical statues. Drusus, the successful general, stands in their midst. Children try to get the attention of their parents. As with the two Augustus statues, dignity and authority merge subtly with humanity. There is, as Gallinsky says, an exquisite balance between stylization and informality (Gallinsky, 152). The postures and gestures are varied, and in a way that is not merely the result of the workmans desire to add variety to a potentially monotonous subject. These are real people. They chat, even to the point of having to be admonished to be quiet, and the children wriggle and turn as we k this instant them to do at any official ceremony or church service (ibid). That this is true, even though the principal mood is that of Classical decorum and sobriety, is a remarkable artistic and perhaps political achievement. Gallinsky goes on to call the Ara Pacis one of the most humane monuments ever built by a powerful ruler This is not the pompous and grim monument of a party leader whose subjects are bullied into conformist succession. The relaxed attitude of the participants is in accompaniment another manifestation of the blessings of pax (ibid, 151-2).Mortimer Wheeler argues similarly for the remarkably relaxed grace of the work. He notes the delightful gestures of the lady hushing the chatterers, and the children particularly vital in their display of puerile interest or boredom (Wheeler, 165). While Bandinelli rather insensitively describes the work as frigid in conception, sharing the programmatic conformity which stamps all official art (Bandinelli, 189), Wheeler says that this is wide of the mark. If frigid, these figures owe their aloofness to the calm assured, unanxious society which they represent (Wheeler, 165), surely a very astute understanding of the relationship between Augustan art even official art and the mood of the society it expresses. Another fine piece of observation is Wheelers note that as we look along the frieze slabs form one vitally depicted head to another there is no dramatic concentration upon the Emperor (ibid). He stands, indeed, at the centre of the frieze, but he is only slightly taller than those around him, a quality he shares with Agrippa. The Emperor may be a god, but there is no personality cult at work. He is merely primus inter pares (ibid) and Wheeler sees this too as an example of the virtues of the Augustan era, its quiet good manners and its unemotional confidence (ibid). He contrasts this modest presentation of the Emperor with the image on the Arch of Titus about 100 years later, where the figure of the victorious Emperor is more prominent than the glory that seeks to crown him, and whose frontal positioning causes hope less distortion of the perspective. This notion of Augustuss modesty is certainly support by Suetonius. He notes how Augustus mat up horrified and insulted when called My Lord (Suetonius, 80), and would not let even his adopted children or grandchildren address him in this way. He always tried to avoid leaving or entering Rome in daylight because that would have obliged the authorities to give him a formal welcome or send-off (ibid). (This seems to be supported by his rejection of a triumphal entry after the Hispano-Gallic campaign, and the p recognition for the modesty and decorum of the Ara Pacis). Suetonius also describes the simplicity of Augustuss living conditions. The furnishings of the palace would now hardly be considered fit for a private citizen (Suetonius, 92), and his dress was unostentatious. Of course he held formal dinner parties, but There was no great extravagance, and a most cheerful atmosphere, because of his talent for making shy guests join in the general conv ersation (ibid). And yet Syme reminds us that the blessings of the Augustan reign had a cost The new dispensation, or novus status, was the work of fraud and bloodshed, based upon the seizure of power and redistribution of property by a revolutionary leader (Syme, 2).Both Bandinelli and Henig have complained of the lack of coherent plan in the Ara Pacis, not in the quality of the sculpture, nor in the style and technique, but in the subject matter (Henig, 73). The psyche is whether the processional friezes have anything to do with the mythical and allegorical panels flanking the doors at either end. If we have understood the nature of the friezes correctly, and their relationship to the Augustan vision of the Roman world, it is unmortgaged that the subject matter of the panels and their treatment are central to the statement of the work. Most important in this sense, as well as best preserved, is the panel word picture Tellus (or Venus, or Ceres). The subject of the panel is the blessings of abundance. A matronly woman sits in Classical dress, with two babies at her sides, reaching for her breast. Her lap is filled with fruit, and her hair is skirt with a wreath of grain. Wheat and poppies grow behind her, and below her are farm animals. The image celebrates growth and fertility. Either side of her are female figures, aurae, icons from Greek Classical tradition, who are emblems of the winds on land and sea. The land figure sits on a goose over a stream, the other has the sea monster under control (like Brownings Duke, taming a seahorse). The aurae are the bringers of warmth and rain, the bestowers of abundance and successful harvest. The overall structure is a paean to the fecundity, wealth, and harmony made possible by the Augustan peace (Favro, 266). The female figure is Tellus, Mother Earth, but also Ceres, Venus, and perhaps Pax herself. The multiplicity of identities is enriching, not confusing. But this pastorale is not allowed to stand alone as a dream vision. On the other side of the door, in the corresponding position, we see the figure of Roma session on a pile of arms, reminding us that the price of peace is military preparedness and conquest, Peace based on world domination (Gallinsky, 146). At the other end the panels celebrate the heroic past, putting the Augustan present into the grandest possible context. In one panel Aeneas is shown preparing to sacrifice after he has seen the portent prophesying his future day in Italy. With Venus, and his son Julus, founder of the Julian family, who stands behind him, he is the ancestor of the Roman people, as are Romulus and Remus, presented in the corresponding panel with Mars, god of war, their develop and thus also a Roman ancestor. It is the members of that family and the leaders of that people who walk in procession in the long friezes.Much of the wall surface is cover in delicate, symmetrical patterns of tendrils and vine clusters. This was a traditional decorative moti f, but here the imagery of abundance takes on a particular relevance, which is reflected in the poetry of the period. The reference is to the myth of the Golden Age, and the implication of the use of such imagery, and so much of it, in the Ara Pacis is that the glorious present has recovered some of the qualities of that legendary past. As David Castriota says, For poets like Horace and especially Virgil, who sought to idealize the stable and ordered Peace of the Augustan regime in the comparative terms of the mythic precedent, the analogy of a pristine era of blissful abundance and moral virtue must have seemed irresistible (Castriota, 124). Such imagery was central to the Augustan picture of the world.In one sense the Ara Pacis might be seen as not entirely the modest and restrained monument suggested here, in that it appears that it was planned as part of a giant structure which sounds rather more Mussolini-like than anything hinted at so far. The Ara Pacis was placed where it wo uld be part of a giant sundial, the hand a huge obelisk 100ft high, with Augustuss mausoleum at the opposite end of the dial. Elaborate astronomical functions have been claimed for the design. The obelisk was of course a monument to the conquest of Egypt, so that the peace-through-victory notion is repeated. The Ara Pacis faced the Via Flaminia, which was the way Augustus had reentered the city after his campaign, and positioned in open ground midway between Augustuss Mausoleum and the built-up area of the southern dramatic art of Mars, possibly coinciding with the pomerium (the sacred boundary of the city where soldiers had to lay aside their weapons) (Claridge, 189). The positioning probably carried symbolic significance, joining secular and sacred ground, emphasizing the catholicity of Augustan rule.How much of this must one dismiss as the propaganda of a dictatorial regime? The Res Gestae is a curious document, hardly notable for its modesty. invariably it is the first person that is stressed (Brunt and Moore, 4), say its editors, and it presents a highly selective view of the events of Augustuss reign. He claims that he was unwilling to accept untraditional recognize and powers, but This plea is an example of clever propaganda writing He naturally did not mention that there was no precedent for any one man holding so many different positions and powers at the same time (Brunt and Moore, 5). Syme says that Augustuss account of recent history is nothing more than official truth (Syme, 522-3), and Tacitus, writing over 100 years later, was cynical He seduced the army with bonuses Opposition did not exist. War or judicial murder had disposed of all men of spirit Upper-class survivors found that slavish obedience was the way to succeed (Tacitus, 29-30).And yet for Horace, who we must remember fought against Octavius at Philippi, the Augustan peace was something very real. The Centennial Hymn, a triumphal ode which is unique in the way it breathes serenity ( Horace, 31), is a tribute to Augustuss achievements seen in terms of the establishment of peace, prosperity and safety. straight off the Parthian fears the Alban axes,the forces mighty by sea and landnow Scythians and Indians, lately so proud,await our answer.Now Faith, and Peace, and Honour,and pristine Modesty, and Manhood neglected,dare to return, and blessed gage appearsWith her laden horn. (Horace, 168)The Augustan peace was something genuine for Horace, and it is difficult to see work of the quality of that in the Ara Pacis as the product of official artists merely. It is little rarity that both the Renaissance and the English eighteenth century saw the Augustan period, and its art architecture and poetry, as the great models to emulate.Works CitedBandinelli, R.B., trans. Green, P. Rome. The Centre of Power. Roman prowess to AD.200. capital of the United Kingdom Thames and Hudson, 1970.Brunt, P.A. Moore, J.M. (eds), Res Gestae. Oxford Oxford U.P, 1967.Castriota, D. The Ara Pacis Augustae and the Imagery of Abundance in Later Greek and Early Roman Art. Princeton Princeton U.P., 1995.Cooley, M.(ed.). The Age of Augustus. London LACTOR, 2003.Claridge, A. Rome an Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford Oxford U.P., 1998.Favro, D. The urban Image of Augustan Rome. Cambridge Cambridge U.P., 1996.Henig, M. (ed.). A Handbook of Roman Art. Oxford Phaidon, 1983.Galinsky, K. Augustan Culture. Princeton Princeton U.P., 1996.Horace, trans. Shepherd, W.G., introd. Radice, B. The Complete Odes and Epodes. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1983.Suetonius, trans. Graves, R. The Twelve Caesars. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1957.Syme, R. The Roman Revolution. London Oxford U.P.1960.Tacitus, trans. Grant, M. The Annals of Imperial Rome. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1956.Wheeler, M. Roman Art and Architecture. London Thames and Hudson, 1964.Zanker, P., trans. Shapiro, A. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor University of Michigan P., 1990.