The Forgotten Prejudice :: social issues

The Forgotten PrejudicePrejudice is defined surely as the mistreatment of a person or flock due to a preconceived bias. In Britain today there is an obsession with not organism racist, and to a lesser extent, not being sexist. However rampant homophobia still exists and noone sees fit to criticise. So here we go..... Homophobia the word itself is a simbol of the difference between the opinions of society on the mistreatment of fearless people compared to the mistreatment of women or ethnic minority groups. The word suggests an irrational fear, rather than a crime or prejudice as racism sexism and ageism do. Being gay is a natural thing. Having observed the disgusting prejudices that seem to go hand in hand with homosexuality in our society, i imagine that noone would CHOOSE to be gay. You cannot choose who you fall in love with. When you hit puberty, you find yourself attracted to people. You do not consciously decide to be straight. Therefore i conclude that you do not consciously decide to be gay. Finally, many species of wild animals (including giraffes, monkeys and birds) have displayed homosexual behaviour. Therefore homosexuality does occur in nature.Some people plead that being gay is unnatural. Clearly they are wrong. Many people base their assertions that being gay is wrong or in some way deviant on their religious beliefs. This i find incredable. God makes man in his image, he has a purpose for each of us etc. Why then would he make some people gay if being gay is intolerable to him. If homosexuality is a sin, and God makes some people gay, what kind of mean invocation is that? (i know that that is a very simplistic way of saying it). God supposedly loves everyone. Would he want the ostracision of some of his children because of their sexual preferance? Some people claim that there is something wrong with the encephalons of gay people, in other words suggesting that they are mentally disturbed or abnormal. If this was true, would it be an excuse for their mistreatment? It may be true that the straits of a gay person may be different in some way from the mind of a straight person (i dont know) But the mind of a man is different to that of a woman. As i hope we all see, different does not mean inferior. And wouldnt it be God that is responsible for those differences?

Life on the Border Essay -- Personal Narrative Mexico Immersion Trip E

Life on the BorderI use to be a person who was hung up on material possessions. I was always lossing more, never satisfied with what I had. Whenever I would go to the mall, I would want all(prenominal)thing that I saw. If I had money I would always spend it. I was constantly buying things that I didnt need or only used once. I felt like I was unfortunate because I didnt have a new outfit every week, and I couldnt nonplus a new pair of shoes every time I walked out the door, but that all changed the summer of my junior year. I was chosen, along with golf club other girls from my school, to go on a border immersion trip to Juarez, Mexico. Our teacher, Mrs.Hartrich, thought that it would be a good idea if we would all get unneurotic at least once a week to learn more about what it was like to live on the border. But, no matter how many clock we got together or how many books we read, nothing could have prepared me for what I was going to experience while I was down there. We left on June 13 on a plane headed for El Paso, Texas. We would be staying at the Loretto School, our sister school, and then every morning we would cross over the border into Ciudad Juarez and go operate on at a daycare center, Centro del Spiritu Sanctu. Our first day there we didnt go to the daycare center, instead we met some friends of Mrs. Hartrichs, Betty and Peter. They live in Juarez, and what they do is champion out the people in their community. They also help people who are coming down from the United States to help out for the first time or people who are coming acantha from Central or South America and need a place to stay before heading back to the United States. Betty told us about the maquilladoras. They are sweatshops that a lot of big corporations in America, like N... ...illadoras, and I now do most of my shopping in thrift stores. I appreciate what I have more and I dont mind not having a new outfit every day. The people I met while on the trip have given me a bet ter understanding of what life is really like on the border. I try to make other people aware of what life is like in Mexico, because sometimes the best form of help is education. Because of my work at the daycare I now enjoy the simpler things in life, and I appreciate more the little everyday things that I used to take for granted, like running water. The children at the daycare center taught me a very important lesson simplicity is the key to happiness. There is one thing that has stuck out in my mind ever since the trip, Rueban, a man who ran a refugee center in El Paso, told us, The poor dont need us, we need the poor. I will never forget that as long as I live.

Thomas Berry :: essays research papers

Human Condition Through Thomas pluckNormally, I dont agree with Thomas pick, but I agree with his quote inner anxiety and evendoubt ourselves and the meaning of it all. Thomas Berry put the ratio of contemporary existence, future orientation, and placed it in what I consider a perfect statement. When we hit this realization of perplexity within our future, we will be in such awe. People will become over capacitated with the diversity of every day life. We will deviate into a whole different culture. Thomas Berrys statement was well conceived.As in human condition, the journey symbol portrays an internal struggle. Also it depicts some form of transformation. Another thing be in both is a theme of endearing negativity. We know, or thing we know, all that we have is adequate. He puts this in a sense of hysteria with what we fetch during our journey. He tells us that we live n an unacceptable situation and that we mustiness undergo transformation. In my experiences, I have not yet covered this participation in the large scale he puts it on. When referring to spirituality, I believe that Berry places a strong emphasis on faith. In order for us to dig happiness we must have a strong divinity towards spirituality. Spirituality in a certain religion. Spirituality in ourselves, others, etc. We also must have an awareness for the other divinities. The usual sense of religion relates to a general sense of faith. It is less than expected to pay homage to your god or belief. Berrys sense of religion inquires that belief of faith as well.I dont agree with Berrys view on spirituality. I feel as though his belief would make all that I learned redundant. I feel as though people retentivity this view have either a horrible view on life or are stuck in a religious domicile. In his writings, Berry makes it seem like joy is not meaningful unless there is a downside to it.

England :: essays research papers

EnglandEngland is a country, and Im glad I came from it. There are scores of funthings you can do, and a lot of famous sites you can visit. Even though it isfar away it really isnt that different from the US.     In England the style of clothe is not much different from here. In thesummer they wear shorts and short branch shirts. In the winter they wear pantsand long sleeve shirts. Their climate isnt much different than ours so thatswhy the style of close is so closely related.     A typical Sunday dinner in England is clapperclaw beef "which there is calleda joint," vegetables, and pie with hot custard sauce. A common snack is fish orfrench fries. Most people drink tea at most of their meals, but a strong deal ofpeople drink coffee.     There are lots of interesting facts about England. The capital ofEngland is London, and the official terminology spoken in England is English.England has a national song which is "God Save the Queen." In 1986 an estimateof the population in England was 46,821,000. The highest manoeuvre in England isScafell Pike, 3,210 ft, and the lowest point in England is The Fens, sea level.     In England there is a lot of sites to see, and one of the greatest wouldbe the Tower of London. It is a great fortress, with not to pleasurable memories.In there Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh were imprisoned. Anne Buleynwas killed there. You could take a tour deep below the castle to see thebeautiful crown jewels.     England is also famous for the Buckingham Palace. There is where theQueen of England lives. At the Buckingham Palace you can see a wonderfulceremony called the Changing of the Guard. In this ceremony men with red tunics

To His Coy Mistress Essay: Use of Sound -- His Coy Mistress Essays

Use of Sound in To His Coy Mistress          At first glance, Andrew Marvels poem To His Coy Mistress is a fairly typical carpe diem poem, in which the vocalizer tells his beloved that they should seize the day and have hinge upon this instant instead of waiting until they are married. Today, the speakers speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress (the speaker doesnt explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant, for example). Still, if we look beyond the limited perspective of the speaker himself, we can see that Marvell is making a debate about how all of us (regardless of gender or involvement in relationships) should sapidity the pleasures of the moment. For the poet, there are two kinds of attitude toward the gratuity (1) activities in the present are judged by their impact on the future, and (2) there is no future state--all activities occur in the pre sent and can only be enjoyed or evaluated by their impact at that moment. The mistress would like to postpone sex (theoretically until she and the speaker are married). The speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. Each viewpoint has its reasons, and for sure the woman in the poem would stand to lose practically from premarital sex. Marvell, however, isnt suggesting that unbridled lust is preferable to moral or ethical restraint sex is the subject matter, not the theme of the poem. Marvells actual point here is that instead of dividing our lives or our values into mathematically neat but artificial categories of present and future, we should savor the unique experiences of each present moment to convey this theme, the poet uses irre... ...g up and slowing down time, the speakers irregularities of grand create a melody that substitutes the rough spondaic meter for the smoothly regular iambic tetrameter. By the time they have read (aloud) the entire poem, reader s should be less concerned with the poems overall moral (or amoral) philosophizing than with its musicality. Marvell, subsequently all, is writing a poem, not a work of philosophy. His use and then subversion of conventional rhyme, rhythm, and meter, create a music that opposes both philosophy and anti-philosophy. Life, these irregularities actuate us, exists in the here and now, not on the neatly divided clock or calendar. We cannot control the fact that life is followed by death, nor should we try to do so through fantasizing about the future, but we can control each moment that we are alive each irregular, spontaneous, surprising moment.  

The Great Gatsby :: Essays Papers

The Great GatsbyIn the story The Great Gatsby, many corrupted relationships are found. George & Myrtle, Myrtle & Tom, Tom & Daisy, Daisy & Gatsby, Gatsby & everyone are tout ensemble perfect examples of misleading relationships seen in the novel. Fitzgerald may seem pessimistic in portraying every relationship as a fraud. I however, must break that the time this novel was written, which was around the same time that the story took place in, was a very materialistic time. This is why I feel Fitzgerald could not down made these relationships seem any more realistic than he did.Friendship was seen a lot throughout the story. A good example to speak of would be Gatsby and all of his friends. Apparently Gatsby had many friends during his life, none of which decided to go to his funeral. While he was alive, throwing huge parties, Gatsby actually seemed to have friends. When he died, it seemed like he had never existed. The only friend who decided to go to Gatsbys funeral was hi s neighbour, Nick.Marriages seemed quite transparent in this story. None of them were solid. Tom and Daisy would come across as a nice, merrily marital couple, you would never be able to tell that Tom had a mistress and Daisy was tranquil in love with another man. Toms mistress, Myrtle, was espouse as well. She was married to George Wilson, Toms mechanic. Sure, it all seems a little bit unreal but if you think about it, do things like this not happen today. Why would it have been any different back then? Maybe it was more difficult to pull off having an affair but it still could have been done, and Im sure it was.Affairs seemed to be what corrupted marriages, but affairs are still relationships. They seemed to be the healthiest relationships because they were built on the individuals desire for one another, not money or possessions. Tom and Myrtle were together regardless of the fact that they were both married. They loved eachother much like a married couple would onl y they werent married, at least not to eachother. The fact that these relationships were considered wrong didnt make them bad, these were just people following their hearts.

Does Birth Order Have an Effect on Intelligence

In 1874 Francis Galton reported that commencement born(p) children were overrepresented as high achievers in various scientific fields. There were daubs in Galtons methodology, for instance, he did not count female children in his results. Male subjects were counted as a first born even if they were the tenth child, but the nine older siblings were female (Esping, 2003). However, Galtons conclusion that birth baffle correlates with intelligence operation and academic attainment remains popular. Even in the last decade, otherwise researchers, in both Europe and northbound America, clear confirmed and reasserted Galtons conclusion.What studies have demonstrated that birth order influences intelligence and/or achievement?Research by Christensen and Bjerkedal concluded that birth order has a small impact on educational attainment (Christensen & Bjerkedal, 2010). That conclusion has also been reported by other related studies. Analysis of the National longitudinal Survey of Youth ( NLSY) and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) show that birth order has an effect on educational attainment and intelligence (Retherford & Sewell, 1991 and Rodgers, Cleveland, van den Oord & Rowe, 2000). Also, front research on Norwegian male military conscripts also demonstrated that birth order impacts on intelligence (Bjerkedal et al., 2007). The confluence model theorizes that first born children are raised in an adult oriented, highly intellectual environment. Also, when first born children interact with their younger they adopt the role of teacher. This is known as the double-decker effect (Zajonc& Sullaway ,2007).Are studies that support birth order effect on intelligence and/educational attainment flawed?Wichman, Rodgers and MacCallum suggest a critical flaw in previous research that supports that birth order has an effect on intelligence and/or educational attainment They suggest that in larger families the first born is equally intelligent as the fourth-born child, bu t they are not as intelligent as children from a smaller family (Wichman et al,2006). The studies that demonstrate a railroad tie between educational attainment and/or intelligence and birth order have been criticized by other researchers. However, according to the confluence model it is only as children with younger siblings approach adulthood that they finally achieve maximum benefit from teaching their younger siblings, as it typically increases their efforts to do well scholastically (Zanjonc & Sulloway, 2007).What factors other than birth order influence intelligence and or achievement? Wichman, Rodgers and MacCallum argue that the findings were a result of differences between families, not within families. They suggest that the younger a mother is at the birth of her first child will result in lower intelligence scores within the family. Younger mothers tend to be less educated, have more children and lower income. When researchers controlled for mothers age at first birth, t he effect on birth order on intelligence was nearly eliminated. In their opinion birth order appears to have an effect on intelligence, but thats only because larger families dont have the advantages of smaller families. Family environment and genetic influences are the most important factors and they may override birth order (Wichman et al., 2006).

Ethical Codes Essay

Over the years, there have been a lot of technological developments in the field of psychology. These developments have non left psychological assessment and interrogatory behind as it has also been affected. However, there argon a number of ethical issues that have been raised in this field concerning computerized assessment and interrogatory. The main send of these testing is to ensure that valet beings have a better life in future. It is believed that this field has a rattling complicated technology and therefore very few graduates ar there to operate and execute the commands that the computers in this field needs.This means that most of those people who are using computerized assessment and testing are armatures. Thus, there is poor interpretation of the results. The departments that are responsible for this are fully aware of this and they still all toldow these inexperienced people to conduct tests on human beings. This can be termed as ethically inappropriate. (Lewis, 2000) In addition, computers are machines and therefore they do not have any feelings. It is therefore obvious that while they are used in assessment and testing, they operate on some specific commands and thus, they will only give feedback based on those commands.Human beings are cognize to be unique and therefore there is a chance that they will not behave in the same way. Therefore, the computerized assessment and testing has also been cited as being dehumanizing as the machines operate under some specific commands. The ethical principle that pertains to this type of testing and all the relations to assessment and testing is the code of fair testing and practices. There is no fair testing and practices as the practitioners who practice in this field are fully aware that they are not giving the best to their clients.(Lewis, 2000) As a practitioner, it is always advisable to give the best to the clients and at the same time to be fair in all the activities. I would therefore do m ore research and ensure that I am well conversant with all the practices that are involved in the computerized testing and assessment. Where possible, I would conduct more research to see to it that computerized testing and assessment is more client-friendly and it is not dehumanizing. ? References Lewis, A. (2000). Psychological Assessment & Testing. New York Pearson Education.

Dell Computer Corporation †Share Repurchase Program Essay

1. Why do companies use wrinkle options to compensate employees? What ar the advantages of rail appearance line options relative to cash compensation? What, if any, atomic number 18 their disadvantages? 2. What, if any, chances do dingles constituentholders face from Dells stock option program? run for terminal rightoff diagrams to illustrate the risk. Is this risk somewhat liaison that dish outholders of Dell expect to bear when investing in Dell? 3. How does Dell remove, or hedge, the perceived risk of the stock options program for shareholders? Draw terminal payoff diagrams to illustrate. 4. Why does Dell transact in both call and perplex options? Use put-call parity to re inningulate the put and call positions that Dell takes in terms of Dells stock and borrowing. What effectively does Dells call and put positions accomplish? Is risk focus the primary motivation for Dells actions?A stock option is an offer by a keep company that gives employees the right to bargain a contract number of shares in the company at an agreed upon price (usually lower than market) by a specific date. The benefit of granting options to employees is viewed as a good thing because it (theoretically) aligned the interests of the employees (normally the key executives) with those of the reciprocal shareholders. If a material portion of a CEOs salary were in the form of options, she or he would be incited to manage the company well, resulting in a high stock price over the long term. The higher stock price would benefit both the executives and the common shareholders. Substituting options is supposed to keep executives eyes on the long term since the potential benefit (higher stock prices) would increase over fourth dimension. Also, options programs require a vesting gunpoint (generally several years) before the employee can actually exercise the options.This is in contrast to a traditional compensation program, which is based upon meeting quarterly slaying targets , entirely these may not be in the best interests of the common shareholders. For example, a CEO who could get a cash bonus based on fee growth may be incited to delay spending money on marketing or research and development projects. Doing so would meet the short-term performance targets at the expense of a companys long-term growth potential.Stock options creates a financial stake of employees in the firms growth. The executive stock options allows the employees to inscribe in the upside performance of the firms, incenting them to work harder. Although there is a cost associated with the use of employee stock options. The equity holders do not earn same direct of returns as they would have if the firm would not have issued executive stock options to its employee.This loss of return in the form of dilution is the cost that equity holders have to pay for having the employee stock option program. However, this cost is mitigated by the fact that if the market value of the firms ass et decreases, the employee shares the downside as well, thereby absorbing some of the impact of the market value decrease from equity holders. Another cost that the equity shareholders bear is the liquidity cost. The employees are usually paid a higher market value of stock options then they would otherwise fix solely through wages due to the fact that the options they received cannot be traded or agnize until a particular date. The use of executive stock options transfer some of the market risk from the equity holders to the employees thereby reducing the beta of the equity.At the time of case, companies are not required to report any compensation expense in their publicly filed financial statements when they grant stock options. However, when certain options are exercised, companies receive a tax deduction, which can provide significant income tax savings.There are two arguments that youll commonly find against the use of stock options Dilution of ownership and enlargement of o perating income.When an employee exercises her stock options, the company has to either issue new shares or go out on the open market and purchase shares. If new shares are issued, then your ownership is diluted. If the company purchases shares on the open market, then the company, which only receives the exercise price from the employee, has to pay market price for the shares it purchases. This results in a exculpate cash outflow for the company.Since the impact of the compensation deduction that a corporation can claim for tax purposes is not included in a companys GAAP income, many take the view that using options enables the company to overstate its income.Risks to Dell shareholders Dell Share holders bear the risk in the form of cost of potentially issuing the stock at below market values if the employees do convert the options into stock when the options are in-the-money. However, if the options expires out of the money, the shareholders realize equally better benefits. In t his case, the firm obtains labor from employees without having paid for the labor by issuing shares. The employee stock options provides a cushioning from the full burnt of the downside of a firms low-down performance while taking a share of the upside benefits also. There is essentially a risk transfer from shareholders to employees through the use of employee stock options. The share holders pay a fair cost to incent employees to be more productive. The executive stock options seem to counteract some of the risk that shareholders naturally bear when they buy a stock.Hedging the risk of Stock options By issuing employee stock options, Dell presumably takes a short call position on its stock thereby creating a liability to be paid in future. (Appendix shows the payoff diagram of Dells liability because of the employee stock option program.) To hedge the risk associated with the liability Dell is purchasing a 2.8 M call options. This effectively hedges the risk of the executive stoc k option program back to the shareholders.Dell by engaging in the put and call options is basically similar to buying a forward contract on its own stock. With the share repurchase program, Dell is also pursuing a strategy of having long call and short put position. Using the put-call parity, (Appendix) the long call and short put transaction is equivalent to buying stock by borrowing money. So dells long call and short put transaction is equivalent to a levered share repurchase. As a result of the above transaction the risk of having a combination of long call and short put is higher then that of hardly having a long call position (employee stock option program), which is transferred to dell shareholders. In this case dell is hedging the risk in the same way as a levered share repurchase program would work by creating more value to the shareholders by increasing the risk borne.I had completed the synopsis of the Dells proposed stock repurchase program for upto 12 Million shares and the use of the equity options as part of the repurchase. As per the information available the put-call legal proceeding along the share repurchase program being employed by Dell would create substantial value for the firm and the shareholders only if management has orphic information that Dell stock is undervalued and would perform above expectations in the coming months.

How Effective Are Integrated Working and Multi-Agency Working?

Integrated call oning is when incompatible serve join together to offer more effective cargon for babies and tender churlren, where multi-agency working is when different services work together to meet particular take of babies and young clawren, along with their parents and/or carers. Multi-agency teams are made up of members of the childrens workforce gaunt from a range of different disciplines who met for specific reasons on a regular basis any the professionals will wee joint aims and goals.It is a way that ensures that those children and young people that need additive support will exact exactly the right professionals in place for them to be supported in the correct way. The benefits of corporate and multi-agency work are that it enables early identification and intervention of any necessitate that the children may have, as well as ways to better support their parents and carers. It allows children and their parents to have easier and quicker access to professiona ls expertise and the services that they offer.With the services all working together it provides a better quality of service and operator that children and their parents do not need to repeat themselves to each of the professionals that they work with, instead the professionals will already have the information. Multi-agency work also allows children and their families needs to be turn to more appropriately. As the childs needs are addressed sooner and the correct support is given to them to help with their needs, the child will have an improved achievement and better engagement within education.The use the Common Assessment Framework which allows an early and initial assessment of the childs needs for any extra services and support, and once this is carried out it will be available for all the services. In practice the professionals will put the needs of the child or young person before those of any one service, and also ensure that the service is inclusive and that all childrens basic needs are met. Sutton Hill Childrens Centre ensures that all the professionals within the centre identify children with additional needs at an early stage.They also need to ensure that all the information that they have is shared with all the other professionals and that they work together to provide early intervention and that the child receives the necessary support from specialist services as soon as they are identified as needing it. In the Camden Childrens Fund primary school project the school gets access to additional services which go beyond what is normally available and offers preventive and early intervention approaches to children and their families.The have a best practice approaches in place regarding the identifying and assessing of the childs needs and then designing interventions for the particular child which will help them to improve. Within the practice at Camden Childrens Fund they are presently finding it difficult to allocate enough time to be able to carry out the best practice approach, and are trying to resolve this cut through all the agencies coming together and discussing what the best course of action will be.In conclusion integrated and multi-agency work is very beneficial to the child and their family at identifying any needs that the child may have early and providing appropriate and sufficient support to the child and their family that will help them to deal with any needs and support them with any help they may need in the future. It also brings together a wide range of specialist services that can work together with the family so that nothing needs to be repeated, and the child and their family will get the best out of each of the services that are provided.

Management Model of Port

Model84 MODULE 3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Port Management Models Public Service Port Strength Superstructure development and commitment handling operations are the responsibility of the same organization (unity of command). Weaknesses There is no role or only a limited role for the hush-hush sector in cargo handling operations. There is less problem solving capability and flexibility in case of labour problems, since the bearing governing body also is the major employer of appearance labour. There is lack of internal competition, leading to inefficiency. Wasteful use of resources and underinvestment s a result of political sympathies interference and addiction on government budget. Operations are not user or market oriented. Lack of innovation. No or limited access to public silver for basic infrastructure. Tool Port Strength Investments in port infrastructure and equipment (particularly ship/shore equipment) are decided and provided by the public sector, thus avo iding gemination of facilities. Weaknesses The port administration and private enterprise jointly share the cargo handling services (split operation), leading to conflicting situations. Private operators do not take major equipment, therefore they tend to function as labour pools and do not develop into firms with strong balance sheets. This causes instability and limits future expansion of their companies. insecurity of underinvestment. Lack of innovation. Landlord Port Strengths A single entity (the private sector) executes cargo handling operations and owns and operates cargo handling equipment. The terminal operators are more loyal to the port and more likely to make needed investments as a consequence of their long-term contracts. Private terminal handling companies generally are better fit to cope with market requirements. Weakness Risk of overcapacity as a result of pressure from various private operators. Risk of misjudging the proper timing of capacity additions. to the full Privatized Port Strengths Maximum flexibility with respect to investments and port operations. No direct government interference. Ownership of port land enables market-oriented port development and tariff policies. In case of redevelopment, private operator probably realizes a high price for the sale of port land. The often strategic location of port land may enable the private operator to broaden its scope of activities. Weaknesses Government may need to create a port regulator to control monopolistic behavior. The government (national, regional, or local) loses its ability to execute a long-term economic development policy with respect to the port business. In case the necessity arises to redevelop the port area, government has to spend considerable amounts of money to buy back the port land. There is a serious risk of speculation with port land by private owners. Source A. Baird and P. Kent (2001).

Means of Transport Essay

Along History, people have had the necessity and the curiosity of touching and changing from some places to others, and in this sense means of outrage have played an important role. Nowadays, there is a great variety of means of go and all of them have advantages and disadvantages. When we have to choose a mean of transport we usually take into account distance, speed, comfort and cost. But I would like to counselling the discussion on transport in our cities and the question is What do you think is better to use public or private transport? Regarding private transport, I think that the car is the king. Cars provide autonomy and they are seen as being more convenient and reliable. They also provide access to more destinations than public transport. Besides, in another way, cars are seen to confer prestige and other socially desirable attributes. But, on the contrary cars are expensive to support.see morepublic transport essayOwing a car means spending a lot of money in a garage, an insurance, fuel (petrol) and tax. In addition, the main hassle is that cars pollute really much and this is a problem which affects us all, car owners and non-car owners. In opposite of this, I think that nowadays we can find very modern public transports as the tube, the tram, High Speed Train which are more ecological they use less energy and make easier the traffic through and through the cities, among other advantages. Besides, in modern cities, bicycles are being introduced as a public transport because they are more efficient than some public transports in some conditions, as speed, flexibility and energy saving. But I wonder, is public transport really cheaper and more efficient? Is it promoted enough by governments? We should think most this, because it seems a contradiction. If you have seen the last news in Madrid, Barcelona and other big cities, the governments are asking people to use public transport because the level of befoulment is very high. But, on the other hand, governments promote the sale of cars because they consider it is necessary to help car industry because of the economical crisis.

Socio-Spatial Context of Urban Art in the Realm of Delhi

SOCIO SPATIAL CONTEXT OF URBAN ART IN THE terra firma OF DELHIIntroductionBefore I dive into the de hardly to the thesis, I want to denote my capable office through my response to 6 critical inquiries written below.What do I desire to analyze?I want to analyze the modern twenty-four hours phenomenon that is roadway maneuverifice from a socio-spatial position in the urban kingdom of Delhi. I entrust see course subterfuge to imply ( in order of impressiveness to my thesis ) Graffiti humankind wileistry inst completelyingsTraditional sculptures and statues placed in the overt zone2. Why is it of import to cognize ab discover this proceeds?Street nontextual matteristic creation has had a enormous match on the lives of people, consciously or sub-consciously. It has acted as the character of the laden and oppressors both. It will go on to play an of import function in distributing propaganda. It will in any case go on to germinate into more manikins of an blindistic find out. Hence we need to spread out our agreement upon this subject to foretell what the presentafter of street art is traveling to be.3. How is this work situated in singing to my anterior work?I sacrifice experience in street art as I confuse done graffito for art festivals. I had as well planned collaborative street number with some friends to showcase HIP HOP in the streets of Hauz Khas small town. Four elements of HIP HOP allow in DJ, Graffiti, MC and interrupt dance. Although It dint work out because of committedness issues, a senior ( SPA pass-out ) of mine, who was to be the DJ in my undertaking, managed to put to death my enterprise. I believe my old experience with graffito makes me a dependable campaigner to consider upon this subject. Besides, I have an unconditioned involvement in mass psychological scientific refine ( behavioural in peculiar ) .4. What methods will I utilize to carry on this research?The secondary winding expressive style of survey is of head importance since the research focuses on the behavioural psychological impact state-supported art has on the. The situational context of the secondary study is worldwide, assisting to understand the impact of urban art at a holistic degree. I will place socio-spatial parametric quantities from the secondary instance surveies.3 sacred scriptures have been selected which talk about common art as a construct, graffito and installing art severally.1.Finkelpearl, T, & A Acconci, V, 2001. Dialogues in exoteric invention. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts First MIT2.Ganz, N. , & A Manco, T, 2004. Graffiti universe street art from five continents. bleak York, H.N. Abrams.3.Bishop, C, 2005. Installation Art. 1st erectile dysfunction. ( unknown ) Routledge.Based on the parametric quantities derived from the secondary survey, viz. socio spatial elements of street art, 3 primary researches will be conducted. A one-third pronged Interview of urban inventive persons, the int erior decorators of the infinite and the people who experience their art will be conducted for each primary instance survey. The status where the interior decorators have prompted art in their creative activity will in like manner be analyzed.5. What will it bring forth?This chance will rely ampley bring forth an penetration into the manner the built, in this instance, the graffito and the installing art have an impact on the societal domain of life.6. Research inquiryWhat argon the socio-spatial characters of street art in the urban kingdom of Delhi?The creative person is a receptacle for emotions that set out from all over the topographic point from the sky, from the Earth, from a bit of paper, from a passing form, from a spider s web.-Pablo PicassoGraffiti has existed in one signifier or the other since the morning of clip. From cave pictures to Nazi propagandas, it has been a steady perceiver and teacher to the human being civilisation. The modern twenty-four hours graffito has its roots in the 80s. It has morphed itself from being a tool of look for the laden and oppressors likewise into a booming art signifier portion of the hip hop nuance of today. In recent old ages graffiti has grown bolder, more ornate, more sophisticated and, in many instances, more acceptable. Yet unsanctioned reality art remains the job kid of cultural look, the defy criminal of ocular subjects. Even though it is still non wholly welcomed and respected yet, it has gained popularity and credence in the younger coevals of today.Graffiti as a signifier of art has branched itself into other signifiers of modern-day art such as installing art, urban art, guerilla art, post-graffiti, neo graffito. It is engrained in the civilization of today. The graffito of the 80s is morphing and germinating into a broad array of bizarre and intriguing constructs such asMobius, created by art and design house Eness for the capital of Melbourne, Australia. It is a kinetic sculpture whose motion is undetectable by the b be oculus the lone manner to see it travel is via time-lapse picture.The outgrowth of installing art as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself is rather an raise study. Graffiti today has embraced the manner of installing art, art which has a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this revolutionary geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs.The urban creative person is the receptacle whose art is in response to emotions given out by the societal order of the metropolis. Traveling a full circle, the societal order of our lives as well acts as the receptacle which absorbs all the emotion urban art emanates.For my literature referrals, I have decided to sort my reads into 3 classsGeneric public artGraffitiPublic installing artKnight ( 2011 ) defines as art in any media that has been planned and executed with the purpose of being st aged in the physical populace sphere, normally outside and accessible to all. He besides suggests public art may include any art which is exhibited in a public infinite including publically accessible edifices, but frequently it is non that simple. Rather, the relationship mingled with the content and audience, what the art is stating and to whom, is merely every bit of import if non more of import than its physical location.Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) conducts interviews of a broad place setting of creative persons, administrative officials, and others whose lives have been affected by these undertakings in the North American context. He tells the narrative of a selected group of public art undertakings through these interviews. I think this allow raises a set of critical set of issues from an remarkably wide set of positions. From an creative person who mount three bronze sculptures in the South Bronx to the administrative official who led the battle to hold them outside from an cre ative person who describes his work as a malignant neoplastic disease on computer architecture to a brace of designers who might hold with him from an creative person who formed a alliance to transfer over 22 derelict row houses into an art center/ fellowship revival undertaking to a immature adult female who got her life back on path succession life in one of the born-again houses.The category contradictions inherent in the term public art have been intercommunicate by Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) by conveying different kinds of people into contact in originative ways. He besides provides a concise overview of altering attitudes toward the metropolis as the site of public art.In the book Dialogues in public art by Finkelpearl, the 20 interviews are divided into four partsControversies in Public Art This portion focuses undertakings that are met with important contention. Richard Serras tilted discharge, John Ahearns three bronzes in the South Bronx, Maya Lins Vietnam Veterans Memoria l, and Welcome to Americas finest Tourist Plantation by David Avalos, Louis Hock and Elizabeth Sisco. The interviews cover how some of the contentions were welcomed as portion of the undertaking and how the alterations and/or remotion of the controversial plants of art have make new visible radiation on the nature of the undertaking and its relationship with its audience.Experiments in Public Art as Architecture and Urban PlanningThe serial of interviews in this part discuss one of the waies that public art took in the aftermath of the contentions that move off from handed-down definitions of art towards landscape design, architecture and planning. This element begins with an interview with designers Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi, in which they discuss their edginess in the infliction of art in the public design procedure. Sculptor Vito Acconci negotiations about how he has managed to infiltrate architectural design in his artistic pattern. Michael vocalist and Linnea Glatt discourse their design of the solid waste direction deftness in Phoenix, Arizona, while Ron Jensen, the former handler of Public Works for Phoenix, discusses the procedure that led him to engage two creative persons with small architectural range to be the lead interior decorators on a multimillion dollar installation. The solid waste direction installation is one of the few cases where the design and planning determinations in a public edifice were made by creative persons. Finally, Rick Lowe and Assata Shakur tell the narrative of Project Row houses, an art undertaking that transformed 22 creaky shotgun-style houses into a modern-day art exhibition infinite, lodging for individual female parents and a community centre. Rick Lowe is an creative person whose work moved from the kingdom of architectural sculpture to urban design, while Assata Shakur is a former occupant in undertaking Ro houes immature female parents residential plan and a alumnus pupil in sociology at Penn State University.Dialogues on Dialogue-Based Public Art ProjectsThis series of interviews central points on public art that makes duologue and indispensable component of the work itself. This is a really interesting facet to public art undertakings. The more duologue the work of art creates with its viewing audiences, the more alone(p) and successful it is.Public Art for Public HealthThis subdivision focuses on the Revival Fields and the assist thread. workman Mel Chin and Dr. Rufus Chaney of the United States Department of Agriculture individually discuss Revival Field, an art and scientific discipline coaction that seeks to cleanse toxic waste sites utilizing green reintermediation . The book concludes with two interviews about the AIDS thread Artist Frank Moore discusses how he helped originate the thread, and Jackie Mclean describes how she worked on the production of the thread at a womens shelter while a member of the creative persons and stateless collaborative.The 2nd an d the 3rd series of interviews are the 1s I would wish to pick up as secondary instance surveies.Knight C.K ( 2011 )takes a expression at public art and its populist entreaty, offering a more inclusive show to America s originative gustatory sensations and shared civilization. He examines the story of American public art from FDR s New Deal to Christo sThe Gates and challenges preconceived impressions of public art, spread outing its definition to include a broader range of plants and constructs such as Boston s Big Dig, Las Vegas . Treasure Island and Disney World.In his booktitled Public Art Theory, Practice and Populism, he offers an option to the traditional position and unfavorable ideal environing public art.Chapterization of the book is as followsIntroduction A short History of the United States Official Public ArtRoosevelts New DealGeneral Services Administrarions Art-in-public-places planNational gift for arts Art-in-public-places-programConventional Wisdom Populist pu rposes indoors established ParadigmsArt as repository Art as commemorationArt as agreeablenessArt in the Park, Art as the ParkArt as the AgoraArt as PilgrimageCulture to travel From art universe to the universeWhat museums do for usMy museumEducation, Outreach, ProgramingThe alternate museumNot rather art , non rather public The art of amusementThis is particular, I am particularOpen pocketbook, unfastened docket?Embracing spectacleSuper spectator Increasing singlePower to the peopleClaiming infinite and topographic pointDig inDecision Art for all?The problem with ( Re ) DevelopmentNonprofit organizations and the passing idyllBack to schoolGrieving loss, retrieving lifeTwo narratives in one metropolisKnight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 2 ) offers penetrations on the populist purposes of art within the established paradigms by speaking about art and its parametric quantities of design. I hope to absorb what the chapter has to offer. done it I hope to understand what public art is at a deepe r degree of understanding. I hope to understand what the aesthetic sense of the art should be, whom should it be directed to? Is it meant for the populace? If yes, so does it intend the nontextual matter should exceed the artists private or aesthetic concerns? These are the subjects the book has talked about. Knight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 5 ) negotiations about whether the viewersincreaedagency to find the degrees of battle in art and virtues of their ain art expriences should be intimate or non.Miles M. ( 2005 ) treats public art as a societal procedure and in the urban context. He talks about public art outside the normal confines of art unfavorable judgment and topographic points it within broader contexts of public infinite and gender. He farther goes on to research the devising, direction and mediation of art outside its conventional location in museums and galleries, and the liveable metropolis a construct modify user-centred schemes for urban planning and design. using diff erent positions, he explores both the aesthetic and political facets of the medium.Miles M. ( 2005 ) applies a scope of critical positions which have emerged from different subjects art unfavorable judgment, urban design, urban sociology, geographics and critical theory to analyze the pattern of art for urban public infinites, seeing public art from places outside those of the art universe to inquire how it might lend to possible urban hereafters.Researching the diverseness of urban political relations, the maps of public infinite and its relation to the constructions of power, the functions of professionals and users in the building of the metropolis, the gendering of infinite and the ways in which infinite and citizen are represented, Miles M. ( 2005 ) explains how these issues are as relevant to architecture, urban design and urban planning as they are to public art. pull on a wealth of images from across the UK and Europe and the USA, in peculiar, he inquiries the effectivity of public art in accomplishing more pleasant urban environments, whilst retaining the thought that conceive ofing possible hereafters is every bit more than portion of a democratic society as utilizing public infinite.Art, space and the metropolis by Miles M. is chapterized as followsIntroductionTHE CITYSPACE REPRESENTATION AND GENDERTHE MONUMENTTHE CONTRADICTIONS OF PUBLIC ARTArt IN URBAN DEVELOPMENTArt IN METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTART IN HEALTH SERVICESArt AS A SOCIAL PROCESSCONVIVIAL CITIESNotesFurther READINGSBibliographyIndexThe chapters of involvement are infinite representation and gender, art in the urban development and art as a societal procedure.I am sing graffito as a signifier of public art. It is chiefly an urban phenomenon which gained popularity in the 1980s. GANZ, N. & A MANCO, T. ( 2004 ) have studied what graffito is, where it came from, how is it situated on the Earth in todays universe. They have explored how letters used to rule graffitos but over the pa st decennary, graffito authors have expanded the graffiti civilization to a wider range of look. The come in graffiti motion is characterized by more advanced good times to organize and technique that travel beyond traditional perceptual experiences of classical graffito,In their book Graffiti universe street art from five continents,they have provided illustrations of graffito around the universe. They divide the locations into the Americas, Europe and the counterpoise of the universe. The contents of the book is as followsForewordWorldwide history of graffitoThe here and nowThe AmericasEuropeThe remainder of the universeInformationCrew namesGlossaryWeb sitesChoice magazinesSelect bibliographyRecognitionsGANZ, N. & A MANCO, T. ( 2004, chapter 3 ) put graffito in a present context. They point out the development of graffito from being entirely spray can-based to encompassing a wider scope of mediums. They have besides talked about the outgrowth of cyberspace and its interesting function in the development of graffito. These modern-day issues of graffito are the chief res publica I have chosen to read this book. I shortlisted this book besides for the ground that it tries to carry through a comprehensive certification of graffito and its varying characters across the universe. Apart from that, I will besides be confer withing the chapters of world-wide history of graffito and the locational chapters showcasing graffito in the Americas, Europe and the remainder of the universe.Graffiti has of late taken a measure further in its development. Graffiti today has embraced the attack of installing art, art which adds a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this new geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs. .Installation art has emerged as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself. Bishop ( 2005 ) provides both a history and a full critical scrutiny of this ambitious country of modern-day art, from 1960 to the present twenty-four hours. Using instance surveies of important creative persons and single plants, Bishop ( 2005 ) argues that, as installing art requires its audience to physically come in the graphics in order to see it, installing pieces can be categorised by the type of experience they provide for the screening topic. Equally good as researching the methodological analysiss of the creative persons examined, she besides explains the critical theory that informed their work.Documentary paintingsi RASH ( 2005 ) , a characteristic length docudrama by Mutiny Media researching the cultural value of Australian street art and graffitoi Roadsworth Traversing the Line ( 2007 ) , a documental movie about the legal battle of Montreal street creative person Roadsworthi Bomb It ( 2008 ) , a documental movie about graffito and street art around the universei Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) , a docudrama created by t he creative person Banksy about Thierry Guettai Street Art Awards ( 2010 ) , opening of the street art festival in Berlini Las Calles Hablan ( 2013 ) , Las Calles Hablan, a characteristic length docudrama about street art in Barcelonai Style Wars ( 1983 ) , a PBS docudrama about graffiti creative persons in New York City having Seen, Kase2, Dez and DondiMentionBishop, C, 2005.Installation Art. Edition. 1sterectile dysfunction. Routledge.Finkelpearl, T, & A Acconci, V, 2001.Dialogues in Public Art. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts First MITGanz, N. , & A Manco, T, 2004.Graffiti universe street art from five continents. New York, H.N. Abrams.Knight, C.K. , 2011.Public Art Theory, Practice and Populism. 2nd erectile dysfunction. MA, USA Blackwell PublishingMiles, M, 2005.Art, Space and the City. 3rd erectile dysfunction. London Routledge.

Economics Reaction Paper on Sabah Essay

A feud between two Muslim governments, ignited by the grand Turk ofSulu when he and his subjects headed to Sabah to reclaim their once territory.Some link that went on for over a month now.This standoff that gained nothing but transgressions, especially on theside of the sultanate of Sulu. Their futile measures to repossess Sabah. Theirdefiance against the presidents orders to not slip away. This only progenying to themassacre of the sultans clan members. To this day, the sultan, his family, andfollowers were being hunted bring down by the Malaysian military forces. With this,they always have to take evasive action for them to survive. Then, theres thepossible criminal charges which the Kiram family might face once they go backto the Philippines.Additional problems to be solved by the government. The people fleeingfrom Sabah, Malaysia because of the ongoing firefight between the magnificent Familyof Sulu and the Malaysian Armed Forces there Heading to rubber camps in our unpol ished. Also, the decline on the supply of goods in Muslim provinces in the Philippines. The goods and services, coming from Malaysia, are having increasein terms of their price.All of these are happening because the Malaysian government isprohibiting the people in our country to enter their territory without theirpermission.Now that the facts about this issue are laid down, we will readilyproceed my personal thoughts regarding this matter.First of all, I find it a very impulsive and reckless move for the RoyalFamily of Sulu to start yet another dispute between the Philippines andMalaysia. To make another historical claim in regards with Sabah is likestarting a never-ending war. It only gets worse by the minute. No fruitfulresult reaped.Another, I dont think that our country could ever obtain again therights on Sabah. I said it because we have been making claims on this formany years. Still, nothing has happened.So what makes the sultan of Sulu think that he could, they could?Econom icsReactionPaperPassed by Shunamite D.PurificacionI-22Passed to Mr. Serafin Arviola

First Day in College

First Day in College According to a scientific research we record moments which vary significant marks in our emotional state or in our lifes. There has been circumsatances Ive lived done that has impacted in my life. One of those remarkable moments was my counterbalance day in college. Theres some(prenominal) people that maybe can not understand how difficult is to emigrate. My transition to this country accumulated stess and irritation in the same time. M all people have never tried the feeling of being alone and with nobody. There is no one I can related to have or socialize with that.Thats the States gave me. It put in my way a lot of challenges to pass through. The first one was my first day in college. I remembered that day like was today. The particular one also showed me the differences between America and Eastern part of Europe. It was September 4th 2013. It was a beautiful autumn day. I didnt rest period the night before despite I took pills to help sleep. I guess it was emotional because I was excited. leastways I slept two moments. I got up at 7 oclock. I took a shower,aet the breakfast and I got dressed.All of those movuments were involuntary because I was in a incompatible sate of mind . Physically I was in Torrington while my while part of mine was in 271 Scott Swamp Rd Farmington where the college is located. It was warm and sunny that morn so I was wearing a squared blu shirt and a pair of blue jeans. I took my black rucksack and I went outside where my old brown Chrysler was waiting for me ready for a modernistic adventure. While I got out from my praking lot I started to get cold despite the warmth outside. It was 745 when I passed Torrington .I had driven to Tunxis still once before that day. I had an iphone but without data so in those circumstances I was afraid of getting lost and missing that important day. So essentially I took route 4 and I kept going while I was listening to music. In the same time I was asking myself if I was in right way. I was in that place until the Tunxis campus appeared ahead. Then an otherwise question came in my mind What about now? I passed last lights and I tur abolish the wheels all the way to the left where the college parking lot is. It was full with cars.Ive never look atn something like that in any college or high school in my country. Luckly I found I parking lot. I took my backpack from the back seat and I walked straight to the main entarance. It was 820 while the class started in 830. Theres so many young students like me that were walking to the campus but I bet none of them were like me,I mean like my emotional state. So, I entered in the main entranece of the college which fundamentally is 100 building. When I entered it was so much difference between albanian schools which has only headmaster path and teachers room.I directly noticed the Faculty Office on the left and the Record Office on the right. I didnt know where to go and where my class was. For tha t reason I took to the right I went up to the end at Information Desk where I asked and the told me to look through the sheets attached in the desk which were behind me. Thats what I did. I saw that my first class was Integrated Reading and Writing I and it would be in room 210. Again I asked a guy who passed by and he told me to go through the adit in front of me and to take right in the second door. Finally I found it.There were other students whose were waiting like me. I was watching them and in the same time I was wondering if the would be my first classmates. In that moment an old short blond woman came up toward greeting us. She took a piece of paper form her bag and she saw the code to open the class door. I didnt see before a class door like this. In Albania it dosent exist. We all took a chair. It was a different classroom that I was expected. The student desk was small and couldnt have space for two or to a greater extent students like the desks in Albania were.Another t hing that took my curiosity was a guy who took in his hand a DunkinDonuts umber in class which in my country I couldnt even take a nursing bottle of water in class beace any driks or foods are prohibited. My attention went to my new teacher when she started speak not Albanian but in English in which I wasnt used to. She introduced herself. Her happen upon was Christina. She read our names. When she came into my name she pronounced it wrong so I had a little conversation in order to prounounce my name well despite my broken English. After that the student who were in class started talking with the teacher.I was the only one who didnt participate in class. beacuse I was shy. Therefore three hours went by speedily so that class was over at 1120. When I got out of the class I matte like I accomplished hard duty. The halls of the 100 Building were overcrowded by students but it was quite not like in my country where is too noisy even with fewer students. That day I had only one clas s but my day was still not done yet. I had to meet an Italian girl whose name is Alessia. Her father is my uncles best friend and she is her to help me with anything because she knew all the things there because she was there since two years.She got my number from my uncle so she texed me and she saidto meet in Library. I went there and I saw here. She was the just about beautiful girl that Ive ever met. We started taling for about an hour about ourselves. She asked me about how I felt in America and stuff like that. We talk an hours but it seemed to me like 5 minutes. Now I can understand Einstains quote about relativity Put your hand in a hot stove for a minute and it seems like an houer. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour and it seems like a minute. Thats relativity. That girl was like the cherry on top of the cake. She made my day.

Expansion of NATO

north-central Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was make on fourth April 1949 after the Second World War as a realization of the importance of close ties amongst United States of America and atomic number 63 for the stability and warranter of innovation 1. It was a watershed event in both the US biography and in the history of 20th century, as it marked the isolationist dodging that had characterized US foreign policy since more than 2 centuries 2.The attachment was seen as a counter system to protect Western European democracies against the growing threat of communism nether USSR3. Later on this strategic- armed forces all in alliance proved an important tool in the enkindle of Cold War between regular army and USSR where it was seen as only safeguard for US and its allies against the refinementist designs of communist countries spearheaded by USSR.However with the disintegration of USSR, juncture of Germany and displace of Cold War in 1989-1991, the functional se rvice chopine of NATO were re-examined to decide its coming(prenominal) role in the crude world order. However, end of the Cold War did non signify end of role of NATO and soon it witnessed the massive ethnic and religious conflicts in the Eastern Europe, curiously in Balkan nations 4. By 1995, NATO was required to intervene like a shot in many of these affairs as hygienic as play the role of peacekeeper in the upstartly independent countries.Later on in the decade, the issue of terrorism raised its head, and presented further challenges to roles, responsibilities and backdrop of NATOs next strategies 5. Through the entire decade of 1990s NATO was mold up its own future action draw and on June 8-9, 1997, it took decision to expand and take new democracies of The Czech Republic, Hungry, and Poland, all contour lineer USSR allies, as ruin of NATO6. Since this decision has risen much vied and heat all over its contextual application in the changed world order, and cr iticisms puzzle been abundant on the merit of enlargementist dodge of NATO in the 21st century world 7. This wallpaper shall examine the various issues involved with blowup dodge a wide with their merits and demerits.The debate against the working outThe decision to expand the NATO has created heat debates and arguments, both in favor and against of the decision. Many truss the opinion that an expanded NATO would be beneficial for world order, spheric peace and bail and stinting suppuration and free trade, while new(prenominal)s view threats of greater regional tension and hegemony of certain nations if NATO continues to expand8. The involution of NATO is generally unlike on following four grounds91.The expansion involves great expenditure to protect the allied countries. Estimates keep up redact the expenditure at more than $125 unmatchable million million million annually if US goes ahead with the expansion strategy.2.Dangerously superior level of fealtys on p art of US of protect the impudently enrolled allied countries. Western European countries themselves have demonstrated little interest in the expansion program as they consider it primarily an Ameri abide objective. Thus it falls back simply on the States to shield the its allies which may be a daunting and horrific line of work given the complex geo-political relation they share with each other as well as USAs former nemesis USSR.3. The third problem is a modification of second problem which involves unlike constitution of relations among even new entrants in NATO. Further, both(prenominal) of the interchange and Eastern European countries such(prenominal) as Hungry and Poland are embroiled centuries languish feuds with their neighbors and a conflict, even though on express mail scale would make it mandatory for US to assist the penis area, thereby widening the scope of the conflict.4. The live concern presented relates to the possibility that expansion may forever go NATO as a peacekeeping potency in the extreme Eastern Europe where situation among some(prenominal) countries, including Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Hungry, is so volatile that repeated conflicts can break out over a number of years.The expansion and responsible factorsThe expansion of NATO came after coherent negotiations with former communist nations that included Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union. NATO took a serial publication of steps, such as formation of North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1991 and NATOs Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 1994 to develop an amicable and dovish environment for effective interaction and cooperation for these countries10. The decision to finally include Czech Republic, Hungry and Poland came after long deliberations and amidst a growing consensus that these nascent democracies needed to be integrate in the western democratic simulation to help them achieve rapid and lasting economic developmen t11.Although the debate on this expansion has been widely crossways political and strategic spectrum, it should be noted that it was not for the frontmost time that NATO had expanded. Article 10 of NATOs foundation document has given it implicit rights to include new segments on their meeting certain criteria12.As one of the central premises of NATO is that attack on any of its member would be considered as attack against all and hence NATO would be s justified in victorious military action against the aggressor, it attracted many European non members to the organization to safeguard their democratic values, freedom, heritage and civilization13. Thus NATO has undergone trey major expansions since its formation to fulfill its perpetration to stability and continued growth of economy and trade in the member countries.By 1990s most of the east European nations were convinced that in wedlocking NATO remained their only promise to protect their integrity, and ensure their surviva l in an increasingly chaotic political order. On its part, NATO was also anxious(predicate) to embrace these countries has it perceived that most of problems afflicting Europe were occurring in non NATO member countries and therefore by increasing the scope of alliance, NATO would contribute towards increasing the stability and security in the Eastern Europe14. Further, the new responsibilities gave NATO the much-required fortune to present a changed face and more responsible and countywide attitude in the post-Cold War world affairs15.In wake of these developments, however the criticism and debates surrounding the earlier expansion strategy to include the three former communist nations, USA has confirmed its commitment to further expansion of NATO in the coming years16.European security and future expansion strategy of NATOAs the Cold War ended in 1989, it became apparent that Eastern Europe was headed for comprehensive restructuring and reformulating the strategies that were n o long applicable in the new context17. abatement of hostilities between Western and Eastern Europe provided an unprecedented opportunity to policy makers to work towards attainment of long standing objective of European unification, in which NATO was considered as a powerful catalyst.NATO provided the vital platform where the political, economic and military interests of both Western and Eastern Europe came in concert and its own regional development took priority with view to strengthen the economic and strategic coalition of European states18. NATO was the instrument that facilitated this ideological and strategic unification of Europe.In the view of changed political order in Europe and risks of terrorism, NATO has formed a long term future expansion strategy that makes it open to every European bucolic which seeks NATOs help in protecting its identity and culture while fashioning transition towards democracy19. Although the neighboring(a) and pressing needs of any intent of expansion have receded, especially after the successful intervention of Balkan crisis by NATO and demonstration of its continued relevance as a capable peacemaker. Also, the latest enlargement, as discussed before, turn to one of the pressing issues on NATO, to form an active collaboration with former USSR supporting countries.Yet the future expansion of NATO is inevitable, as many non NATO European countries would make to meet the conditions for entry into the Alliance and may question its commitment to peacekeeping if denied admittance20.Therefore considering the requirement of expansion, NATO has planned the part in distinct steps, with no-surprise strategy. Aspirants may request for membership devil years before the decision making years that are set as 2002, 2008-09, and 2012-14. As strategian point out that these expansions would be confine to introduction of maximum one or two nations at a time, rather than multiple entry21. These expansions would addition the mem bership of NATO to 25 countries, making it one of the most nonionized and important military alliances in the modern font times.The future expansion strategy of NATO comprises of five steps1. Development of military cooperation with the newly joined state under Partnership for Peace (PfP) initiative2. Greater PfP coordination and cooperation to meet expectations and aspirations of new members3.Formation of rules and guidelines that esteem a given solid grounds eligibility for consideration of NATO membership4.Assessment and scrutiny of a given countrys standing in fulfilling NATOs commitment if accepted as member5.Deciding the time frame for new country to join the Alliance.Conclusion intricacy of NATO has to be seen from a broader and longer perspective. NATO has become an indispensable tool, especially in the changing nature of terrorism that is taking global dimension. As once the free democracies of Western Europe and USA feature to stop designs of Communism, its equally vi tal in the present scenario for them and the new members to form an alliance that thwarts evil shoot for of global terrorism for which an armed, military equipped and strategically capable military authority is necessary.NATO, by expanding its membership, is in the function of gaining that crucial strategic leverage, as well as create conditions in the first roll that would clog many countries to be affected by menace of terrorism in the changed world strategic order.ReferenceAlexander Moens, Lenard J.Cohen, Allen G.Sens .NATO and European Security Alliance Politics from the End of the Cold War to the Age of Terrorism. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2003Barany, Z. The Future of NATO Expansion quadruplet Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 2003 work T.G and Barbara C. NATO explosion Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. Washington, DC. 2001Gardener, H.. NATO for a New Century Atlanticism and European Security. Editor Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002. Kaplna, L.S. The coherent entanglement NATOs First Fifty Years. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1999Lepgold, J. NATOs Post-Cold War Collective Action Problem, supranational Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106Millar A and Plesch D.T. thrust the Envelope Too Far? Technologys Impact on NATO Expansion. Journal of internationalistic Affairs. record book 51. Issue 2. 1998. Page Number 641.Seidelmann, R. NATO for a New Century Atlanticism and European Security. Editor Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002.Simon, J. Central European Civil-Military Relations and NATO Expansion Washington, D.C. National Defense University, McNair Paper 39, 1995Solomons, G.B. The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997 The Blessings of Liberty. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1998.Szayna, T.S. NATO Enlargement, 2000-2015 Determinants and Implications for Defense supplying and Shaping. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001.1 A. Millar and D.T Plesch. Pushing the technology too far? Journal of International Affairs. 2 L.S. Kaplan. The wide Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 1 3 L.S. Kaplan. The Long Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 2 4 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security. Praeger. 2003. 5 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security. Praeger. 2003. 6 G.B. Solomons. The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 1. 7 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 8 H. Gardner. NATO for a New Century Editor. C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2002. P 23. 9 T.G. Carpenter and A.B. Conry. NATO Enlargement Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. Washington DC. 2001. 10 Jeffrey Simon, Central European Civil-Military Relations and NATO Expansion (Washington, D.C. National Defense University, McNair Paper 39, 1995) 11 L.S. Kaplan. The Long Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 8 12 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 13 G.B. Solomons. The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 2. 14 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansi on. Cambridge University Press. 2003 15 Joseph Lepgold, NATOs Post-Cold War Collective Action Problem, International Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106 16 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 17 R. Seidelmann, NATO for a New Century. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 47 18 R. Seidelmann, NATO for a New Century. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 48 19 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-41. 20 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42. 21 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42Expansion of NATOIntroductionNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed on 4th April 1949 after the Second World War as a realization of the importance of close ties between United States of America and Europe for the stability and security of world 1. It was a watershed event in both the US history and in the history of 20th century, as it marked the isolationist strategy tha t had characterized US foreign policy since more than 2 centuries 2. The alliance was seen as a counter strategy to protect Western European democracies against the growing threat of communism under USSR3. Later on this strategic-military alliance proved an important tool in the wake of Cold War between USA and USSR where it was seen as only safeguard for US and its allies against the expansionist designs of communist countries spearheaded by USSR.However with the disintegration of USSR, unification of Germany and end of Cold War in 1989-1991, the functional utility of NATO were re-examined to decide its future role in the new world order. However, end of the Cold War did not signify end of role of NATO and soon it witnessed the wide ethnic and religious conflicts in the Eastern Europe, especially in Balkan nations 4. By 1995, NATO was required to intervene directly in many of these affairs as well as play the role of peacekeeper in the newly independent countries.Later on in the de cade, the issue of terrorism raised its head, and presented further challenges to roles, responsibilities and scope of NATOs future strategies 5. Through the entire decade of 1990s NATO was shaping up its own future action course and on June 8-9, 1997, it took decision to expand and include new democracies of The Czech Republic, Hungry, and Poland, all former USSR allies, as part of NATO6. Since this decision has risen much debated and heat over its contextual application in the changed world order, and criticisms have been abundant on the merit of expansionist strategy of NATO in the 21st century world 7. This paper shall examine the various issues involved with expansion strategy along with their merits and demerits.The debate against the expansionThe decision to expand the NATO has created heated debates and arguments, both in favor and against of the decision. Many hold the opinion that an expanded NATO would be beneficial for world order, global peace and security and economic development and free trade, while others view threats of greater regional tension and hegemony of certain nations if NATO continues to expand8. The Expansion of NATO is generally opposed on following four grounds91. The expansion involves huge expenditure to protect the allied countries. Estimates have put the expenditure at more than $125 billion annually if US goes ahead with the expansion strategy.2. Dangerously high level of commitments on part of US of protecting the newly enrolled allied countries. Western European countries themselves have demonstrated little interest in the expansion program as they consider it primarily an American objective. Thus it falls back entirely on USA to shield the its allies which may be a daunting and horrific task given the complex geo-political relation they share with each other as well as USAs former nemesis USSR.3. The third problem is a modification of second problem which involves conflicting nature of relations among even new entrants in NATO. Further, some of the Central and Eastern European countries such as Hungry and Poland are embroiled centuries long feuds with their neighbors and a conflict, even though on limited scale would make it mandatory for US to assist the member country, thereby widening the scope of the conflict.4. The last concern presented relates to the possibility that expansion may forever engage NATO as a peacekeeping authority in the extreme Eastern Europe where situation among several countries, including Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Hungry, is so volatile that repeated conflicts can break out over a number of years.The expansion and responsible factorsThe expansion of NATO came after long negotiations with former communist nations that included Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union. NATO took a series of steps, such as formation of North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1991 and NATOs Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 1994 to develop an amicable and p eaceful environment for effective interaction and cooperation for these countries10. The decision to finally include Czech Republic, Hungry and Poland came after long deliberations and amidst a growing consensus that these nascent democracies needed to be integrated in the western democratic framework to help them achieve rapid and lasting economic development11.Although the debate on this expansion has been widely across political and strategic spectrum, it should be noted that it was not for the first time that NATO had expanded. Article 10 of NATOs foundation document has given it implicit rights to include new members on their meeting certain criteria12.As one of the central premises of NATO is that attack on any of its member would be considered as attack against all and hence NATO would be s justified in taking military action against the aggressor, it attracted many European non members to the organization to safeguard their democratic values, freedom, heritage and civilizati on13. Thus NATO has undergone three major expansions since its formation to fulfill its commitment to stability and continued growth of economy and trade in the member countries.By 1990s most of the eastern European nations were convinced that in joining NATO remained their only hope to protect their integrity, and ensure their survival in an increasingly chaotic political order. On its part, NATO was also eager to embrace these countries has it perceived that most of problems afflicting Europe were occurring in non NATO member countries and therefore by increasing the scope of alliance, NATO would contribute towards increasing the stability and security in the Eastern Europe14. Further, the new responsibilities gave NATO the much-required opportunity to present a changed face and more responsible and comprehensive attitude in the post-Cold War world affairs15.In wake of these developments, notwithstanding the criticism and debates surrounding the earlier expansion strategy to inclu de the three former communist nations, USA has confirmed its commitment to further expansion of NATO in the coming years16.European security and future expansion strategy of NATOAs the Cold War ended in 1989, it became apparent that Eastern Europe was headed for comprehensive restructuring and reformulating the strategies that were no longer applicable in the new context17. Abatement of hostilities between Western and Eastern Europe provided an unprecedented opportunity to policy makers to work towards attainment of long standing objective of European unification, in which NATO was considered as a powerful catalyst.NATO provided the vital platform where the political, economic and military interests of both Western and Eastern Europe came together and its own regional development took priority with view to strengthen the economic and strategic coalition of European states18. NATO was the instrument that facilitated this ideological and strategic unification of Europe.In the view of changed political order in Europe and risks of terrorism, NATO has formed a long term future expansion strategy that makes it open to every European country which seeks NATOs help in protecting its identity and culture while making transition towards democracy19. Although the immediate and pressing needs of any plan of expansion have receded, especially after the successful handling of Balkan crisis by NATO and demonstration of its continued relevance as a capable peacemaker. Also, the latest enlargement, as discussed before, addressed one of the pressing issues on NATO, to form an active collaboration with former USSR supporting countries.Yet the future expansion of NATO is inevitable, as many non NATO European countries would begin to meet the conditions for entry into the Alliance and may question its commitment to peacekeeping if denied admittance20.Therefore considering the requirement of expansion, NATO has planned the procedure in distinct steps, with no-surprise strategy. As pirants may request for membership two years before the decision making years that are set as 2002, 2008-09, and 2012-14. As strategist point out that these expansions would be limited to introduction of maximum one or two nations at a time, rather than multiple entry21. These expansions would increase the membership of NATO to 25 countries, making it one of the most organized and important military alliances in the modern times.The future expansion strategy of NATO comprises of five steps1. Development of military cooperation with the newly joined state under Partnership for Peace (PfP) initiative2. Greater PfP coordination and cooperation to meet expectations and aspirations of new members3. Formation of rules and guidelines that assess a given countrys eligibility for consideration of NATO membership4. Assessment and scrutiny of a given countrys standing in fulfilling NATOs commitment if accepted as member5. Deciding the time frame for new country to join the Alliance.ConclusionE xpansion of NATO has to be seen from a broader and longer perspective. NATO has become an indispensable tool, especially in the changing nature of terrorism that is taking global dimension. As once the free democracies of Western Europe and USA combined to thwart designs of Communism, its equally vital in the present scenario for them and the new members to form an alliance that thwarts evil purpose of global terrorism for which an armed, military equipped and strategically capable military authority is necessary. NATO, by expanding its membership, is in the process of gaining that crucial strategic leverage, as well as create conditions in the first place that would prevent many countries to be affected by menace of terrorism in the changed world strategic order.ReferenceAlexander Moens, Lenard J.Cohen, Allen G.Sens .NATO and European Security Alliance Politics from the End of the Cold War to the Age of Terrorism. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2003Barany, Z. The Future of NATO Expansion F our Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 2003Carpenter T.G and Barbara C. NATO Enlargement Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. Washington, DC. 2001Gardener, H.. NATO for a New Century Atlanticism and European Security. Editor Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002.Kaplna, L.S. The Long Entanglement NATOs First Fifty Years. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1999Lepgold, J. NATOs Post-Cold War Collective Action Problem, International Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106Millar A and Plesch D.T. Pushing the Envelope Too Far? Technologys Impact on NATO Expansion. Journal of International Affairs. Volume 51. Issue 2. 1998. Page Number 641.Seidelmann, R. NATO for a New Century Atlanticism and European Security. Editor Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002.Simon, J. Central European Civil-Military Relations and NATO Expansion Washington, D.C. National Defense University, McNair Paper 39, 1995Solomons, G.B. The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997 The Blessings of Liberty. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1998.Szayna, T.S. NATO Enlargement, 2000-2015 Determinants and Implications for Defense Planning and Shaping. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001.1 A. Millar and D.T Plesch. Pushing the technology too far? Journal of International Affairs.2 L.S. Kaplan. The Long Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 1 3 L.S. Kaplan. The Long Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 2 4 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security. Praeger. 2003. 5 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security. Praeger. 2003. 6 G.B. Solomons. The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 1. 7 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 8 H. Gardner. NATO for a New Century Editor. C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2002. P 23. 9 T.G. Carpenter and A.B. Conry. NATO Enlargement Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. Washington DC. 2001. 10 Jeffrey Simon, Central European Civil-Military Relations and NATO Expansion (Washington, D.C. National Defense Universi ty, McNair Paper 39, 1995) 11 L.S. Kaplan. The Long Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 8 12 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 13 G.B. Solomons. The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 2. 14 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 15 Joseph Lepgold, NATOs Post-Cold War Collective Action Problem, International Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106 16 Z.Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 17 R. Seidelmann, NATO for a New Century. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 47 18 R. Seidelmann, NATO for a New Century. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 48 19 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-41. 20 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42.21 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42

Christian man Essay

moth miller re-defined what a gunman is 1949. He did this because up until this draw it was Aristotles definition that writers followed when writing a tragic drama. Aristotle wrote that it was only a flake with nobility from birth could bring into being a hero. This means that only a timbre that is a poof or a nobleman could become a hero. Aristotle also said that a hero is a character that e actu altogetheryplacecomes a conflict with a higher power, usually the Gods. However Miller wrote in 1949 that a hero could be any character that to secure one thing his sense of personal dignity. This shows us that Miller thought that any character could be a hero as long as he had the leave behindingness to become one. Miller also seemed to think that rather then a hero struggle a higher power he could fight against his own society (which may include bit a higher power) to gain his rightful position in his society. Miller argued that the common man could become a hero. He said tha t he be inhabitve that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as Kings were. This basically meant that commoners were as suited to be heroes as Kings were. This completely re-defined who heroes were and who they could be.This opened up the range of different characters that writers could introduce in a tragic dictation and thitherfore led to much of this type of monkeys being written. Miller also defined a hero as a flawed character who is broken down to his raw core and then he is built back up again (in the eyes of the auditory sense) through his heroic actions. This parvenue definition shows us that admonisher is the ideal character for a hero in the tinker. He is an honest, working man and he has sinned but he is ready to end his sinning and become a true Christian man. We flowerpot see this by the way he is ashamed of his sin with Abigail and the way that he places her that it is over.The hearing asshole now see that he is trying to reg ain his dignity and pride. The audience can also see, by the end of stage 1, that monitor is the main individual that may become a hero end-to-end the play. This leads the audience to forge assumptions of observes future actions and reactions. After the conversation surrounded by Proctor and Abigail, in Act 1, of their family and previous office the audience has preconceived ideas of Elizabeth and her relationship with Proctor. The first we hear of Elizabeth is at the beginning of Act 1 when Abigail is talking to Parris.She says that Goody Proctor is a bitter woman, lying, cold, sniveling, woman. This is all brought near because Goody Proctor dismissed Abigail from her services, secretly for her affair with privy, that Abigail says it is because she would non be a slave for Goody Proctor. This is the first the audience hears of Elizabeth and at this demo they do not know of the affair between Proctor and Abigail so they have no reason to question Abigails information o f Elizabeth. Also up until this point in the play Abigail has been admitting to her misdeeds. Again this gives the audience no reason to question what Abigail says.The opinion of Elizabeth give to Parris from Abigail suggests that Elizabeth is mean as she was spreading rumors of Abigail. The audience knows that at the season in which the play was set small girls had many rules of conduct that they had to follow, shown in the way that the girls allow for be punished for dancing. If Abigail hates a woman so much that she talks of her in such a ruthless manner to an adult then the audience may conclude that Elizabeth is an evil character. This depends on the audiences thoughts of Abigail. I think that they would perceive Abigail as a bad character.I think this because of what has been revealed about Abigail. At this point we know of her affair (I know how you clutched my back behind your house and I know you, John) and of the potion she drank to kill Goody Proctor (You drank a char m to kill Goody Proctor). Both of these facts give the audience the idea that Abigail is a troubled, evil character. Evil character is supported by the way that Abigail threatened the other Girls in Act 1, I depart come to you in the black of almost terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you she said.When the audience learn of the affair between Proctor and Abigail they assume that the relationship that Elizabeth and Proctor is not a loving one. They would argue that if it were a loving relationship then Proctor would not have engaged in an affair. When Abigail and Proctor are arguing over Elizabeth Abigail says you bend to her John. This makes the audience think that Elizabeth is lowering and has great power over John, this is seen as a in rightfulness bad quality. In the 17th century the man in a marriage was the boss and the threatening character, to see a woman being portrayed like this is quite a shocking to the audience.Elizabeth is expect ed to be an unloving and gossiping character by the audience. These two characteristics are shown by the way that John had an affair and when Abigail says that Elizabeth is blackening her name. Both of these traits would have been frowned on in the 17th Century, Elizabeth was expected to be quite, loving and obeying as a wife in this era period. This shows us how what others say can affect the audiences opinions. This is really important. If Elizabeth and Proctor had an unloving relationship when John dies at the end of the play the audience would be not quite as attached to him.If he had an unloving and hard time in his home life some may see him dying as a blessing. When Elizabeth is introduced in Act 2 for the first time she is apprisal to her boys. This suggests that she is a caring get down, she is singing which is a loving trait. She is introduced as a calm, caring mother making the audience take notice because they immediately think that their perceived idea of her is completely wrong. Her singing shocks the audience because they may have expected her to be shouting and ruling the house as Abigails comments had suggested in the previous scene.However there is still some credibility in the suggestion that the character is unfeeling as she has not spoken to Proctor. Her first line to Proctor is an accusation What keeps you so young? This keeps alive the idea that though she may not be evil she still seems cold. It will be thought by the audience that if the Proctors had a strong, loving relationship Elizabeth may have welcomed Proctor, fondleed or hugged him. In the first snippet of their long conversation at the beginning of Act 2 there are many more accusations do between the equal, and even if the inquiry is not made an answer is provided.For example when Proctor comments on the stew It is well seasoned. Just before Proctor sits down to dinner with Elizabeth he re-seasons the stew without her knowing. This symbolizes many different things about the Proctors. Firstly I think the seasoning of the stew symbolises the couple marriage. I think it shows the audience the lack of heat, passion and seasoning that the couple seems to have between them. Also, I think that John seasoning the stew shows his love for Elizabeth and wanting to please her.I think that he seasons the stew so that he can make an honest compliment to her later about it he knows that the compliment will please her. The audience may feel that when Proctor is eating the stew the automatic teller is uneasy. Proctors comment of the stew may suggest that Elizabeth is asking for his acceptance. Though when Proctor pamperes her subsequently his meal it says in the stage directions that she accepts it but he is left disappointed. This suggests that though she wants his acclamation she does not privation for his tenderness.This shows the audience that though Elizabeth is a fragile character (she needs Proctors acknowledgment and approval of her cooking) she is not necessarily a loving, affectionate character. Elizabeth shows how fragile she is throughout Act 2 for example when John questions her over letting Mary go into Salem she says Mary frightened all of her strength away. The kiss in Act 2 leaves the audience with speculation over the couples relationship. However it has a much more important role later in the play. In Act 4 when Proctor dies there is another(prenominal) kiss shared between the Proctors.The audience can compare this to the kiss in Act 2 to confirm any variation in the relationship between the couple. If it is even less affectionate the audience will feel that if Proctor dies he is not leaving a lover behind and there will be less hope that he will not die. However if it is more wild the audience will think that the couple are much closer and the relationship has blossomed in that final stage 3months. They will be seen as a much bigger tragedy for Proctor and Elizabeth to lose the new stronger relationship tha t they have obviously not had for a truly long time.This shows us how important the kiss in Act 2 is. At the end of Act 2 Elizabeth is accused of being a witch and is taken to the jail. Proctor promises to get her out of jail and bring her back home. This is where the hysteria that the play accelerates. Act 3 starts with the court hearing of another woman who has been accused like Elizabeth. The hearing is very biased and the figure seems convinced in his verdict from the beginning giving the impression that the court hearing is simply for show and that it is realistically impossible for the ruling to be in favour of the play offant.This makes the audience reside that Elizabeth will have an unfair trial and she will hang for her sins. We see the first accusation made in the scene quite early on. It is made from Judge Hathorne to Martha Corey (the defendant) I am innocent to a witch. I know not what a witch is. How do you know then, that you are not a witch? Here we see how a witch is prosecuted, this makes us think of fragile Elizabeth and wonder of how she will cope to a lower place the strain of court. Here we also see the power used by Hathorne. He uses accusations to make him seem in control and that he holds the power.Proctor and his friend storm into the court and the judge sends them out but then goes to talk to them for disturbing his courtroom. Proctor tries to use Mary Warrens confession to lying to the court to free Elizabeth but soon realises that the only chance of saving his wifes life is to prove that Abigail is lying. The only way he can do this is by proving that she has a reason for wanting Elizabeth dead, to take her place. Proctor confesses to lechery and Danforth says that if Elizabeth will confirm that Abigail and Proctor had an affair he will let all the accused go free.This will prove that Abigail had an evil aim that she was trying to run by accusing women of witchcraft. Elizabeth is brought in and Miller makes this part of th e play a semi-climax. There is a divide of tension because the audience are pleading for Elizabeth to claim lechery on John, knowing that it is one of the Ten Commandments. Miller makes this moment dramatic using stage directions. This is a part in the play where Miller is very particular about where each character is and how the stage must be set out. The first directions are give as dialogue from (to Abigail) Turn your back.(To Proctor) Do likewise. Now let neither of you turn to character Goody Proctor. No one in this room is to speak one word, or raise a gesture aye or nay. This series of speech shows that seriousness of the court and also the power of Hathorne. Proctor has been told not to speak but the audience hope that he will do the exact opposite. At this point in the play the audience know that Proctor loves Elizabeth and that he would do anything for her, however they are not aware of the strength of Elizabeths affections towards her husband.If Elizabeths ethical moti ve come above her love for Proctor she could tell the court that he committed lechery and in this bizarre sequence of events this could save her life. This moment in the play may be seen as a build up to the confession and execution of John Proctor. These moments may be seen as similar because it is at both these points in the play where the audience is wishing for the Proctors to not follow their morals and confess to a crime. Tension is built up at both of these points, however there is a considerable amount more of strain in Act 4, this is because the consequences are clear.In this scene the consequences are clear if Elizabeth prompts lechery upon her husband, she will save not only her and her husbands lives but she will disgorge an end to the witch trials. Firstly tension is caused here by the pure fact that Elizabeth can not rely on her husband to give her answers, after all it was his crime and she may fear that if she tells the truth he will suffer for it. This is shown by the many attempts that she makes to look at Proctor for guidance.Each time Danforth stops her until she sees that it is impossible to receive an answer from her husband. Repeatedly Elizabeth strays from the subject to try and show how her husband is a good man but again she soon realises that she can no come to a scant(p) conclusion. This is shown when Danforth asks her directly, after interrupting her many times, Answer my question Is your husband a lecher This shocks the audience because up until this point Danforth has remained relatively calm because he is seen with such great power that no one dares deceive him.Elizabeth angers Danforth because she seems to be more concerned of the wellbeing of her husband then acting in the court. At this point Elizabeth sees no other option then to give an answer and the audience feel that should break her personal morals and say that Proctor did not commit the crime of lechery. The audience thinks this because so far Elizabeth has tried to defend Proctor with irrelevant information that he is not a drunkard and that he is not slovenly.This shows that in her mind she is debating of which answer to give and though the audience suspect that she will tell a lie they are pleading with the play that she does not. Millers directions of when she gives her answer to the enraged Danforth is (faintly) No, sir. At this moment time seems to stop because all of a sudden there is uncertainty in the future of all of the characters whether Danforth will reverse his demands and retrieve Proctor, whether Abigail will crumble under the pressure and what will happen to Proctor.At this point Miller restarts time quickly and it seems that in a matter of minutes Mary (a character that had been forgotten in this Act) crumbles under the increased pressure of Abigail and accuses Proctor of being involved with the devil. This is the very end of Act 3 and at this point Proctor breaks down and lets all of his thoughts and emotion run wild by sc reaming all words that he thinks for all to hear. This is all shown in his last lengthy speech of Act 3. A fire, a fire is burning I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy lay out And its my face, and yours, Danforth This shocks the audience because like Danforth Proctor has kept himself quite controlled and also like Danforth he explodes with rage. It is very relevant when he likens himself and Danforth as being both images of the devil. Though they may seem complete opposites (Danforth is reprobate people to death and Proctor is trying to save these people) their characters are very similar. They both fight exceedingly hard for what they believe to be right. This similarity gives the audience hope that Danforth may be lenient in Act 4 when Proctor has pain and difficulty in confessing.