Powerful Techniques for Essay Topics Logical Division of Ideas You Can Use Today

Powerful Techniques for Essay Topics Logical Division of Ideas You Can Use Today The Lost Secret of Essay Topics Logical Division of Ideas Even a complete paragraph may not be sufficient to share the whole sense. The fundamentals of logic, on the flip side, are derived using reasoning only, and their validity doesn't depend on any contingent features of the planet. The principal idea is only to explain the expression. It is preferable to select complex terms with the wide definition. The Basic Facts of Essay Topics Logical Division of Ideas In the same way, biologists might study how dolphins communicate with one another, but in the event the plan of evolution was different, then perhaps dolphins may not have existed. The subsequent tree of classes may be used for classification. The structure embodies the utmost amount of general attribute information concerning the items being classified. After that, punch in your own personal identification number. It is possible to arrange then in a descending order regarding price. There are 3 reasons I don't have a charge card. After the sequence of time is significant to the topic, chronological order is the very best approach to organize your points. You may incorporate both to find the total credit. Finding Essay Topics Logical Division of Ideas Online The categories you pick for your essay should be entirely separate. Definition essay examples together with some amazing topic ideas listed within this expert article will help to get acquainted with this type of writing. Buy a custom written essay now to find timely assistance! Factors in selecting a university essay Argumentative essay over the web, allowing online friends to be in a position to interact face to face interesting essay, a lot of valid points made. An excellent classification essay ought to have a purchase. It can be very tough to finish an academic assignment without nice and appropriate classification essay examples. Moreover, now you are in possession of a brilliant classification essay topic, and it is possible to dive right into the practice of essay writing. The classification essay format asks a framework, also. This article described the two of these models. Based on the webpage, you may want to change the plan or format of the webpage. For instance, your home page will likely be an overview of all of the information on your site, with links to other pages. You can also have nested pages or sub-pages if necessary. Seeing a total picture will let you break off your paper into specific components and arrange all of them logically. Ideas that should be explained in a particular order for instance, one particular point has to be explained before another point are in logical purchase. Put down the critical ideas on a different paper. Stay with me... There is not any limit to the range of logical partitions a disk can contain, but they're limited simply to user data, not operating systems like with a key partition. Therefore, logical disks are utilized to partition the available capacity and offer the sum of storage needed by every host from a frequent pool of logical disks. A partition is truly only a logical separation from the full drive, but it appears as if the division creates multiple bodily drives. Several partitions means you may avoid having to install multiple hard drives simply to have the choice of booting to another operating system. You're able to grow to be a word artist with the assistance of your pen or computer only! The teacher may provide several words to discuss to create the paper longer. She will not complete the assignment. Grouping will solely contingent on the intention behind the essay. Basically, data modeling acts as a link between business requirements and system requirements. Logical modeling mainly involves gathering the demands of the company, with the latter portion of logical modeling directed toward the objectives and demands of the database. Physical modeling requires the true design of a database based on the requirements which were established during logical modeling. From the view of determining what copy is most suitable for remarketing communications being sent to customers, there are plenty of aspects to remember. If you're going to be working with databases, then it's important to grasp the difference between logical and physical modeling, and the way they relate to one ano ther. Sports research paper topics cover a wide selection of fields. If you're a startup, you may want to list the folks who are the brains behind your venture, or people that are funding you. Studying the right fundamentals of reasoning isn't the exact same as studying the psychology of reasoning. These facts can help you to decide what are of fantastic concern to you. A good example is whenever you are grouping people.

Plagiarism In Literature - 795 Words

In modern society, does originality truly exist in literature? Humans have been on Earth for about 200,000 years and there are roughly 7 billion of us today; that’s a lot of time and people. Surely most, if not all, ideas have been thought of and written down. Plagiarism is seen in writing because it is inevitable. This is due to the fact that most ideas already exist, however, intentional plagiarism should not be excused for any reason. When an author’s work is consciously copied by another author, this is where the line is drawn. Some might say that if the plagiarist improves the original text, then he/she should get credit for the work. Others see it as a form of editing. But Fadiman realizes that plagiarism is corrupting literature,†¦show more content†¦Nor did Shakespeare really need to swipe several speeches in Anthony and Cleopatra from Plutarch, or 4,144 of the 6,033 lines in Parts I, II, and III of Henry IV, either verbatim or in paraphrase, from other authors. Milton didn’t need to crib from Masenius, Sterne from Burton, or Poe from Benjamin Morrell. (106) Clearly, Fadiman does not support plagiarism as she exposed many of the most renowned writers in the history of literature for being huge plagiarists. She wants society to realize that anyone, no matter his/her status, can be a plagiarist and that all cases of plagiarism should be taken seriously. By using examples of highly regarded people plagiarizing, Fadiman highlights the idea that plagiarism is quite plentiful in literature, even where one would not expect it to be. One might expect a grade school student to plagiarize because he/she was too lazy to finish the assignment, but certainly not from high-status writers that have written classicals. Even if it might improve the original work, Fadiman gives sympathy to original authors because she has first-hand experience on being the victim of plagiarism. She states â€Å"I take issue with these placable attitudes because I know, from an experience within my own family, how much plagiarism can hurt† (109). There is a continue d feeling of animosity as Fadiman elaborates on her personal story of plagiarism. She concludes that plagiarists should feel guilty because the credit of theShow MoreRelatedThe Problem of Plagiarism Literature Review2696 Words   |  11 PagesThe Problem of Plagiarism: Literature Review Selection Melinda â€Å"Mindy† L. Boucher Lower Columbia College The Problem Students routinely hand in papers in which the writing is so complex and the vocabulary so sophisticated that there is doubt that they were written in the students’ own words. When samples of the writing are typed into a Google search engine, sentences and whole paragraphs are found to be a match. Students are confronted with the plagiarism and given informationRead MorePlagiarism: The Blurred Line of Literature Essay examples1094 Words   |  5 PagesIf anything is held to the highest value in any array of schools, it is a policy against plagiarism. Academics understand the severity that plagiarism can hold, especially since many of them tend to do it to each other. In 2005, Melissa Elias, who was at the time the President of the Madison School Board, gave a commencement speech that had several sections that were plagiarized from a speech Anna Quindlen, a Pulitzer Prize winner author, had given to Mount Holyoke in 1999. Kaavya Viswanathan, aRead MoreThe Effects Of Plagiar ism1143 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism hinders intellectual advancement. The problems of plagiarism have been discussed for hundreds of years. With technologies, plagiarism becomes a fairly common practice in recent years. Plagiarism is actually recognized as a dishonest act from the 18th century when the original literature takes on more value within society. Readers want to read new creations of ideas and words from writers instead of seeing them polish the writings that have already been emitted. Writers are able at thisRead MoreThe Ecstasy Of Influence : Plagiarism1589 Words   |  7 PagesPlagiarism has been seen as a harmful practice when it comes to the preservation of an artist’s originality. Jonathan Lethem demonstrates the commonality and convenience of plagiarism by composing his article â€Å"The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism† of phrases and ideas of other writers; however, he also supports the claim that a person can rethink and reinterpret the un derstandings of other people and create an â€Å"original† idea based off of them. Is this what Lethem truly means when he says thatRead MorePlagiarism And Academic Integrity : Plagiarism1305 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is a topic that is consistently brought up in many areas of education.1 In every syllabus presented to students, there is a section that refers to plagiarism and academic integrity. Plagiarism can be defined as â€Å"the act or instance of stealing or passing off ideas or words of another as one’s own.†2 Despite this being an important piece of information; students may overlook this material and still plagiarize. In a study from the University of Toronto, 90% of senior pharmacy students admittedRead More How to Beat Online Plagiarism1462 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Beat Online Plagiarism Plagiarism is best described as copying someone elses work and putting your name on it without giving the original author any credit for his or her work. It is a problem that has existed in academia for centuries, since the creation of text documents. Original methods of plagiarism were limited, however, to copying by hand the work of another person from sources found in libraries and other books and magazines. This form of plagiarism, while it still existed wasRead MoreAnalysis Of The 17th And 17th Centuries By Ben Jonson1489 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism in the 17th and 18th Centuries A line that appears on the cover page of Poetaster: A Comical Satyr, written in 1601 by Ben Jonson (1572–1637), the English dramatist and poet, had appeared earlier in Martial s Book VII, Verse 12, an epigram consisting of 99 verses. We know that Jonson used ideas taken from Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, 43 BCE–CE 17), Horace, and Seneca and that his name appears in investigations of plagiarism in English literature. According to one source, Jonson inventedRead MoreApplying Ethical Theories : Interpreting And Responding Students Plagiarism By Neil Granitz And Dana Loewy Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagestheir article â€Å"Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism† Neil Granitz and Dana Loewy correlate students’ reasoning when justifying plagiarism to different theories of ethics. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. to categorise students cheating based on the ethical reasons they invoke when defending their act, 2 . to develop a specific response for each type of plagiarism in order to lead tutor approaches in dealing with this issue. Furthermore, the articleRead MoreWriting an Academic Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pageswill further discuss the following three features to enrich credible academic writing; planning and drafting, critical writing and referencing and plagiarism. With an abundant quantity of literature available, it is important to understand the factors that contribute to the credibility of an academic piece of writing. With the amount of literature available, especially with the Internet, making critical choices about what to read is the first step in in critical reading. A strong critical approachRead MorePersonal Reflection Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Writing is something you do alone. Its a profession for introverts who want to tell you a story but don’t want to make eye contact while doing it† -John Green In order to fully understand my writing abilities and how i comprehend literature it must be said i identify as an INFJ. My primary interest in a subject can be summed up with one question, is it good for people? The more beneficial the subject is to helping mankind the more interest i exhibit. Information which appeal to my feelings and

Poetry Analysis Poem Para Los Californian Mummers Essay Example For Students

Poetry Analysis Poem Para Los Californian Mummers Essay Many times readers do not grasp a strong sense of the meaning or provocation of a poem simply through its title. However, the title Poem Para Los Californian Mummers, translated to Poem from the dead Californian, enables readers to immediately understand that this poem addresses the injustice experienced by Californians original inhabitants at the hands of the Americans who invaded it and claimed it as their own. This particular poem consists of four parts and two main areas of focus. One is the speakers interpretation of present-day California, which she expounds upon in the first and forth parts, and her present Hough process occurring in the second and third parts, in which she addresses her ancestors and her own pain. Though each part holds its own significance and brings its own unique element to the poem, they are correlated heavily by the tone of aggression and rage portrayed by the reader. In the first part of the poem, in which the speaker is addressing the state of this modern California and the hatred she feels for the people who have created it, Cervantes uses several words such as cuts, cesarean, fertile, bastard, and raped to portray a feeling of a corrupted innocence. California represents this child that has been stolen from Los madras (the mothers) and the husbands De la titter, titter la madder (husbands of mother earth). It is not the lands fault that it has been lost, but it is nevertheless darkened by its new inhabitants and the memory of degradation and pain of her ancestors. The forth part brings forth a new type of diction with words such as bitter antiques and remnants to represent that this is all that remains of Californians original people, and in the final lines, pungent odor of crushed eucalyptus and the pure scent of rage paint for us an entirely different image than any of the other parts. Smell is an extremely powerful sense, and by using these phrases with ghastly connotations, Cervantes increases the level of guilt and sympathy felt by the reader. A strong irony in the forth part consists of coupling beautiful things such as a blue Jay and crushed eucalyptus, which should connote for us happiness, with pungent odors and shrieking, which steal that false sense of happiness. Furthermore, this irony creates for readers their own personal sense of joss by imagining something so happy as a blue Jay making a horrific shriek or of something so sweet as eucalyptus smelling rotten. Through this, Cervantes has distributed to her readers some of the pain felt by the Mexican people. The middle of the poem, consisting of parts two and three, make up the second focal point of the poem, in which the speaker addresses her ancestors, her own anguish concerning the loss of California as it once was, and reaches the climax of the poem in which she reveals herself as the hajji appreciate (Poor daughter) cursing the ghosts of the white people who stole California. The only hint of vulnerability we perceive from the speaker is found within the second and third parts. She is desperate for peace and longing to make known her ancestors memories. The most important aspect that differentiates this poem from many others is the dramatic use of dual language. Because many readers must use the translated notes to understand the Spanish portions of the poem, it requires them to deeply consider the speakers connotations. Many readers will not realize Cervantes intentional placement of the Spanish portions. Stanzas one, two, and three begin in English and end in Spanish. However, stanza four begins in English and ends in English with only one line in the middle consisting of Spanish.

People under the Age of Eighteen Should Not Be Allowed to Marry

Introduction Marriage refers to a union of two individuals who come together to form a family as recognized by social or legal provisions. With the consideration of marriage as a contract and provisions of laws of contracts, there are limitations to age at which people can marry at their own consent.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on People Under the Aue of Eighteen Should Not Be Allowed to Marry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People under the age of eighteen are thus prohibited from consenting to marriage unless under approval of their parents. This paper seeks to argue that people under the age of eighteen should not be allowed to marry. The paper will look into opinions for and against marriage at a minor age with the aim of opposing marriage before the age of eighteen. Why people should marry before eighteen years old There are a number of opinions that have been raised to support marriages at a younger age, below the maturity age. The realized fertility rate among women in the minority age bracket and outside marriage has been a common occurrence. Fertility rate is also being realized to increase among women who are not married as compared to the category of married women, a category that includes women under the age of eighteen. A research conducted towards the end of the twentieth century indicated that teenagers who were not married were particularly under the condition of high fertility that led to high births among the minors outside marriage. According to these opinions that associate minority age of women together with not being married as a factor to increasing number of illegitimate children, it has been argued that marriage at a minor age is a solution to reducing the number of illegitimate children as well as reducing fertility levels, an objective that has been sought by a number of governments across the globe (Seiler, 2002). Early marriages that include teen marriages ha ve also been supported by the fact that as people grow old, body factors deteriorates and has a possibility of reducing a woman’s chances of getting married. Facial attractiveness or even skin conditions that changes as people grow old thus calls for engagements into marriage as soon as an individual possibly can in order to avoid failure to get a marriage partner on the basis of unfavorable body changes. There have also been fears of increasing activities as people grow older. Involvements in economic activities together with increasing responsibilities that people realize with time in life is also identified to hinder a person’s chances of getting into marriage at a later age. Avoiding such incidents would be to get married as earlier as possible which would include consideration of marring at a minor age (Neckerman, 2004).Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contra ry to the published negative results of teenage marriages, there are a number of marriages that have been established by teenagers and have stood tests of time to realize success. It is also noted that researchers have been biased to concentrate on the negative side effects of early marriages and ignoring positive realizations. The existence of positivity that has realized long lasting relationships in marriage in a generation where a majority of marriages ends in divorce is an indication that the marriages established at the tender minority age might hold keys to keeping families together (Boykin, 2004). Why people should never marry before 18 One of the reasons given for opposing early marriages is the risks that young women are subjected to with respect to pregnancies. Death for instance is reported to be more probable in adolescent women as compared to older women during their expectancy period as well as during child birth (UNICEF, 2011). There has also been an association betw een early marriage among women and the age difference between a woman and her husband. This is realized to be a disadvantage to the woman in terms of authority in marriage. A minor woman who is married to an older man can, for instance, be subjected to unfair treatment by the spouse on the basis of age advantage (Rashad, Osman Fahimi, 2005). Financial considerations in marriage is another factor on whose basis people should not be allowed to get married before the age of eighteen. In most cases, marriage is accompanied with responsibilities that call for social commitments. At the age of eighteen, individuals are expected to be in the process of establishing grounds for their economic stability. Marriage at any age below the maturity age would imply that married individuals compromise on their education and trainings that would have a negative impact on the individuals who marry below the maturity age as well as an entire economy in cases where significant number of individuals mar ries at minority ages. This will impose a long term economic threat of lack of professionals due to opportunities that were lost to early marriages (Dahl, 2010). Early marriage is associated with dropping out of school as well as directly related to poverty as reported by a research that was released by Milton library which established a woman’s chances of living in poverty is dependent on the level of education that has been acquired by the woman in question. Early marriages that hinder education is thus a tool to spreading poverty in societies (Muse, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on People Under the Aue of Eighteen Should Not Be Allowed to Marry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A consideration of teenage marriage in Singapore also revealed an aspect about the negative impacts of marriages at minority age. According to research, the trend in early marriages has been declining over the past decades . This is attributable to changes that have been realized with respect to the level of knowledge that is possessed by people. Changes that have been realized in economies that have induced competitiveness in job markets have also stressed on the importance of education leading to early marriage being reserved and education being prioritized among the young people. This illustrates the negative impacts that prioritizing marriage among minors instead of education would subject people to. The relationship between highest level of education and the rate of minority marriages was also significantly realized in the research. According to the research, individuals with barely any formal education formed about half of the population of individuals who got married at minority ages. This trend however decreased with increasing level of education of individuals (Tay Yip, n.d.). Personal opinion The established economic strains and competitiveness in present economies requires well established career bases that take time up to maturity ages. Ensuring economic stability of individuals would thus call for discouraging marriage before eighteen years. Conclusion Though there exist opinions in support of early marriages, there are a large number of undisputable disadvantages surrounding early marriage such as health risks on women and poverty that calls for serious opposition to marriage by minors. References Boykin, E. (2004). Successful Teenage Marriages: A Qualitative Study of How Some Couples Have Made it Work. Scholar Lib. Web. Dahl, G. (2010). Early teen marriage and future poverty. Early Teen Marriage. Web.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Muse, A. (2010). Early teen marriage and future poverty. Summary. Web. Neckerman, K. (2004). Social inequality. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Rashad, H., Osman M. Fahimi, F. (2005). Marriage in the Arab world. Web. Seiler, N. (2002). Is teen marriage a solution? Online Home. Web. Tay, J. Yip, W. Teen marriages in Singapore. SMJ. Web. UNICEF. (2011). Early Marriages. Web. This report on People Under the Aue of Eighteen Should Not Be Allowed to Marry was written and submitted by user Dixie Davis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE HISTORY essays

SUBSTANCE ABUSE HISTORY essays A diagnostic summary was completed on 10/6/96; Jack Smith is a 41-year-old white male currently living in a small community in southern Ohio. Jack came into the agency involuntarily; his involvement with the agency is a requisite of probation for assault and domestic violence. He was arrested for assaulting his wife during an alcoholic blackout; he was placed on probation for one year on the condition he participates in substance abuse counseling. This is Jacks second involvement with this agency as a result of his alcohol abuse. His first encounter was in 1985, when he underwent after-care counseling with an agency counselor who no longer is employed at this facility. The apparent symptoms of chemical dependency were: 1) Loss of Control - Jack had made several attempts at controlling the amounts of alcohol he consumed, but those times when he was able to abstain from alcohol were when he substituted marijuana and/or other drugs. 2) Blackouts - these began occurring almost daily as a result of his alcohol and marijuana use. 3) Family History of Alcohol/Drug Usage - Jacks natural and adoptive parents, as well as three natural brothers and three natural sisters have used alcohol and/or drugs heavily. 4) Changes in Tolerance - when Jack began drinking at age 15, he soon developed a high tolerance for beer; by age 18, he was drinking six-to nine beers per occasion, and had begun smoking marijuana on these occasions. Before he stopped using marijuana in 1985, he was smoking one-two marijuana joints daily through the week, and five-six joints daily on weekends, as well as drinking the equivalent of a 12-pack of beer daily, occasionally chasing it with w hiskey during the week, and on weekend, consuming the standard 12-pack of beer in addition to half of a fifth of whiskey mixed with soft drinks. 5) Physiological Symptomology - Jack was diagnosed with bleeding ulcers shortly after he began drinking at age 15; ...

Atomic Weight Definition (Relative Atomic Mass)

Atomic Weight Definition (Relative Atomic Mass) Atomic weight is the average mass of atoms of an element, calculated using the relative abundance of isotopes in a naturally-occurring element. It is the weighted average of the masses of naturally-occurring isotopes. What Is It Based On? Prior to 1961, a unit of atomic weight was based on 1/16th (0.0625) of the weight of an oxygen atom. After this point, the standard was changed to be 1/12th the weight of a carbon-12 atom in its ground state. A carbon-12 atom is assigned 12 atomic mass units. The unit is dimensionless. More Commonly Known as Relative Atomic Mass Atomic mass is used interchangeably with atomic weight, although the two terms dont mean precisely the same thing. Another issue is that weight implies a force exerted in a gravitational field, which would be measured in units of force, like newtons. The term atomic weight has been in use since 1808, so most people dont really care about the issues, but to reduce confusion, atomic weight is more commonly known now as relative atomic mass. Abbreviation The usual abbreviation for atomic weight in texts and references is at wt or at. wt. Examples The atomic mass of carbon is 12.011The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.0079.The atomic weight of boron samples collected on Earth falls within a range of 10.806 to 10.821. Synthetic Elements For synthetic elements, there is no natural isotope abundance. So, for these elements, the total nucleon count (sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus) is usually cited in the place of the standard atomic weight. The value is given within brackets so that its understood its the nucleon count and not a natural value. Related Terms Atomic Mass - Atomic mass is the mass of an atom or other particle, expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). An atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Since the mass of electrons is much smaller than that of protons and neutrons, the atomic mass is nearly identical to the mass number. Atomic mass is denoted with the symbol ma. Relative Isotopic Mass - This is the ratio of the mass of a single atom to the mass of a unified atomic mass unit. This is synonymous with atomic mass. Standard Atomic Weight - This is the expected atomic weight or relative atomic mass of an element sample in the Earths crust and atmosphere. It is an average of relative isotope masses for an element from samples collected all over the Earth, so this value is subject to change as new element sources are discovered.  The standard atomic weight of an element is the value cited for atomic weight on the periodic table.

Management of a Health Care Staff Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management of a Health Care Staff Group - Essay Example A respiratory therapy division involves culmination of multi-disciplinary professionals with the overlapping of daily duties of therapists and technicians. Methodology/Sequence of events: The behavior and method of performing duties of a set of employees in the respiratory therapy division was observed. The set of employees under observation included three respiratory therapists, an intern, an administrative staff member and a supervisory head managing their activities. Also, factors such as personal characteristics, likes and dislikes, professional motive and so on, which determine the behavior of employees were studied and noted down. The degree of complication involved in the situation was analyzed. The problem issues were listed followed with possible solutions. Outcomes: It was observed that there were varied activities going on within a single division. Some performed the activities directly related to respiratory therapy and the others were performing supporting activities. However, each activity seemed indispensable to the overall performance of the division. Among the respiratory therapists, one of them was young, extremely enthusiastic and high spirited. The other one was slightly older, calm, calculative and procedure oriented. The third therapist was as young as the first one, but lacked the enthusiasm, but anyway continued to perform his duties without complains. These therapists mainly performed duties such as analysis of the problem on hand, performing tests, setting up equipments and ventilators as well as educating the patients and their family members. The intern was new in the hospital premises. He only assisted the therapists by taking down the patients' explanations and acting only when instructed. The administrative staff member was responsible for helping the patients fix appointments, preparation of doctors' schedules, managing physical documents and attending phone calls. Though the number of duties the administrative staff member was assigned with was very few, her hands seemed to be full all the time. She showed a few signs of frustration, but nevertheless continued to work vigorously. The supervisory head only handled unusual or exceptional cases, and in the meantime supervised the work performed by the therapists, managed involvement of technicians and resolved conflicts, if any. The supervisory head had very few years of experience in supervision and management. Problems/Conflicts/Constraints: The therapists worked under constant pressure. They were often required in ICUs and ERs. Their duties were crucial to the well being of the patients. Their patience too was of great importance to keep the patients at ease. They attended to wide variety of patients from infants to the elderly. The young enthusiastic therapist seemed to get along well with patients belonging to all age groups. He was extremely friendly and the patients seemed to be at ease in his company. The slightly older therapist was more formal in his approach. He did put the patients at ease through his self confidence and strong belief in the system, but at the same time kept a distance from the patients by not going beyond the medical problem on hand. He treated all patients the same, whether infants, young, or old. The third therapist was always untouched by what was going on. He performed his duties quiet

The Things They Carried Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Things They Carried - Research Paper Example Certain techniques are used by those at war in order to ensure their survival and victory. Such techniques are known as warfare. Warfare can be categorized into; warfare by objective, doctrine and terrain. War was initially one of the biggest problems facing mankind long ago, and still is. War is an act of resolving conflict by forcing the enemy to do according to the victors’ will (Simons, 23). Different forms of war require different methods of warfare. Types of warfare include; conventional warfare, which is attempting to limit an enemy’s military capability while in battle. Such is used when war is declared between states, and the use of nuclear, biological or chemical weaponry is not allowed. Unconventional warfare is whereby an opponent attempts to acquire triumph through admission of defeat or consent hold up for a side of the conflict. Nuclear warfare is the utilization of nuclear weapons in order to force the other opponents to surrender. Asymmetric warfare is whereby guerrilla tactics are used in order to defeat the enemy. These are mostly used in case where an opponent has an advantage with advanced technology in terms of weapons. Chemical warfare is whereby chemicals are used to coerce the opposition to surrender. Chemical warfare was used during WW1 (The First World War), in which there were so many casualties and numerous injured. Before soldiers go to war, they train in order to be fit and so that they can have an added advantage when in the battlefield. Certain items should be carried that should be used in the war. Items carried are influenced by the time, geographic location, climate and terrain of where the war is to take place. â€Å"The things they carried† which was written by a former soldier, Tim O’Brien, whose personal experiences in war led him to write a book about it. The soldiers in his book participated in the Vietnam War. The war lasted a time period from September 26th 1959 to April 30, 1975. Numerous things were carried by the soldiers, and many of them show the burdens that each soldier was carrying. First ‘Lieutenant Jimmy Cross’ takes letters to Martha, from Mount Sebastian College and reads them daily. Even though he is in love with her, the feeling is not mutual with her. Most individuals carry photographs, and Jimmy Cross takes two of Martha, and in one, she's playing volleyball (O'Brien, 8). What the men carry are things that they require and in this case make sense which include mosquito repellents and marijuana, certificates, pocket knives, candy, the occasional chewing gum openers, heat tabs, watches, dog tags, cigarettes, sewing kits, tablets of salt, lighter, matches, Kool-Aid and water. Things they carry depend on several factors, which included their own beliefs, traditions and priorities. Taking a look at the Henry Dobbins, the machine gunner, who is considerably large, carries extra rations considering his body size. His superstitious nature causes h im to put his mutual friend’s pantyhose around his neck. Ted Lavender, a nervous individual carries marijuana and tranquilizers which he uses to calm himself down, and then there is Kiowa, who is religious and carries an illustrated book of the New Testament that his father gave him (O'Brien, 12). Other things the men carry can be termed as universal for any form of war, which include a medical supply of compressed cotton and other medical supplies that could have given the function of a tent, groundsheet or a raincoat. They carry weapons which include the M-60, the standard

Senior Software Development Essay Example for Free

Senior Software Development Essay Accomplished, goal-oriented Information Technology Professional with 14+ years experience in software development and system integration.   Dynamic Leader with exceptional ability in successfully completing projects in the Banking, Manufacturing, Transportation, Stock Control, Telecommunincations, Billing Systems, and E-Commerce industries.   Excellent customer service skills with an in-depth knowledge of EAI utilizing Websphere MQ and Websphere Message Broker.   Ã‚  Received a Bachelor of Information Technology from Cambridge International University and Advanced Diploma in Information Technology from TAFE College Seremban.  Ã‚   Strong analytical and data modeling skills. Fluent in English Bahasa Malaysia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CORE KNOWLEDGE AREAS à ¼Ã‚   Oral / Written Communication Skills à ¼Ã‚   Conflict Resolution à ¼Ã‚   System Development / Integration à ¼Ã‚   Superb Organizational Skills à ¼Ã‚   Research Development à ¼Ã‚   Project Management à ¼Ã‚   Analytical Skills à ¼Ã‚   Team Leadership CERTIFICATIONS IBM Certified Solution Designer WebSphere MQ V6. 0, 10/10/2007 IBM Certified System Administrator WebSphere MQ V5.3, 07/07/2006 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE SCOPE INTERNATIONAL SDN BHD., (Crystal Plaza, P.J)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2003-Present Technical Specialist Developed the Security Solution for MQ Connectivity (MQ 5.3) that executes extensive flight readiness tests with a 100% rocket engine performance success rate. Also developed the MQ Security Channel Exits and Message Exits utilizing RSA BSAFE CryptoC OpenSSL cryptographic libraries. Successfully developed and maintained Message Tracking Service to assist the Production Support Team and connected applications to check transaction statuses. Wrote a character conversion program to handle ASCII to EBCDIC and various Chinese Character Sets and ASCII / EBCDIC Characters. Successfully converted the Chinese characters from one Character Set to another based on the provided conversion table. Implemented SSL for MQ Connectivity in the AIX, Windows, Solaris, Linux and AS400 environments. Wrote the Application Installation Guides and shell scripts to simplify SSL implementations. Successfully introduced the PKI Management Guide for SSL certificate management approved by the Banks GIS (Global IT Security) team. Wrote a java program to convert files to MQ messages and can be configured to handle concurrent requests and handle grouping of MQ messages. Consulted with IBM team to conduct the POC to benchmark and test WTX Datapower for its application in Banks EAI model. Evaluated the functionalities and product performance. Evaluated XSLT Node against Java Compute Node for XSLT Transformations. Wrote Java Compute Node to handle XSLT Transformations. Enhanced the security requirement on message encryption and digital signature authentication by hardware security modules (HSM) between Mainframe and mid-range platforms such as Windows 2000, AIX, NT and Sun Solaris. PATIMAS COMPUTERS BERHAD.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2002-2003 Senior Software Engineer – Automatic Identification Technology Customized and enhanced existing functionalities including coding, interface designing, and analysis work for an intranet based application developed for the stock broking industry. MADAVAN RAMAN  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page Two PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE   (Continued) PDX INFOWORLD SDN. BHD.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1999-2002 Senior Software Engineer – Research Development Developed a client interface communicate with a bank host application utilizing ISO8583 standard messaging protocol. The objective of this project was to perform bank direct credit and debit card transactions with bank. Consulted with Network and Software Engineers to collect information on connectivity and message format specifications. Successfully developed and completed a program in JAVA which successfully communicated with a bank host application to perform a financial transaction. Collaborated with NERA Telecommunications, the main supplier of Hypercom products. Installed, configured and wrote a java interface to IBM Payment Server(TM) for AIX ®, Windows NT ®, and Solaris. Installed SET Certificates for encryption and signature to perform the sales transaction utilizing JAVA and socket programming. Led a team of seven staff members consisting of a System Analyst and Programmers to develop a gateway server application that linked Service Suppliers with Service Providers. The objective of the project was to ensure the connectivity is standardized and simplified for the Service Providers utilizing XML for the interface to modules and subsystems. Successfully integrated the system using a MQSeries JAVA client. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SERVICES   SDN. BHD.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1999 Software Consultant – Professional Service Department Developed a client interface for a research and development project to communicate with a bank host application utilizing the ISO8583 standard messaging protocol. The project objective was to direct credit and debit card transactions with the bank. Consulted with Network and Software Engineers to collect information on connectivity and message format specifications. Successfully completed the Telecom Billing System project for Telokom Malaysia Bhd. updating the existing billing system to provide a manageable billing system. PINNACLE CONSULTANCY SDN. BHD.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1997-1998 Software Consultant – Professional Service Department Developed the PANTAS2 103 Directory Service for a major telecommunication service provider, Telekom Malaysia Bhd. integrated with Ericson software to enable communication with telephone exchange. Significantly increased speed and response time through the utilization of native functions such as Oracle OCI calls and â€Å"C++† dll’s. SOFTWARE ALLIANCE (M) SDN. BHD  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1995-1997 Analyst Programmer – Professional Service Department Participated in the development of a Flight Crew Tracking System for Malaysian Airlines Systems (MAS) to provide Flight Crew Activity planning, monitoring and scheduling, constraint and legality verification. Utilized graphical user interface to display up-to-date daily flight roster developed under OS/2 platform using C/C++ Set 2 Presentation Manager Programming, and DB2 database. MESINIAGA SDN. BHD  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1994-1995 Programmer – Professional Service Department Developed the Pacific Interlink Order Tracking system utilized to track orders and provide up-to-date status. This system was developed under the OS/2 platform, C/C++ Set 2 Presentation Manager, and DB2 database. MADAVAN RAMAN  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page Three PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE   (Continued) MESINIAGA SDN. BHD, continued†¦ Successfully developed a stock movement and packaging label printing system created to print bar codes and product information utilizing the OS/2 platform, C/C++ Set 2 Presentation Manager Programming, and DB2 database. TECHNICAL SKILLS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Open Source Packages:   Apache Web Server with Apache JServ Module, Apache Tomcat, JSP jPos (JAVA based financial exchange/payment framework), OpenSSL (Cryptographic Library)    J2EE JAVA Packages: JDBC, JMS-Java Message Service, JSSE-Java Secure Socket Extension, JAXP-Java API for XML Processing, Java Servlet    Platforms:   AIX 5.2, Redhat Linux, Windows, Solaris, OS/2 Databases:   DB2, Oracle Websphere Products:  Ã‚   Websphere Message Broker 6, Websphere MQ 6, MQSI 2.1, Websphere MQ 5.3 Other Products:   PM4Data 8.1 (Metastorm), TDE 125 ( Tivoli Data Exchange – Metastorm ) Programming Languages:   Java, C / C++, Unix Shell scripting, WMB – ESQL, COBOL, Pascal, Clipper, Presentation Manager Programming (C++) EDUCATION Cambridge International University, Kuala Lumpur Bachelor of Info. Tech, 2004 Western Australian Department of Training. TAFE College Seremban Adv. Diploma In Business (Info. Tech.), 1994 Western Australian Department of Training, TAFE College Seremban Adv. Cert. Of Info. Tech., 1993 Sekolah Menengah Rendah Palong 4, Gemas Negeri Sembilan, S.P.M., 1991 TRAINING Mesiniaga Sdn. Bhd. Presentation Manager Programming Software Alliance Sdn. Bhd. Practical Approach To Data Modelling, Introduction To Visual Basic,   Introduction To SQL Windows Scope International Sdn. Bhd. WMQ System Administration II, WMQ Application Programming, WMQ Designing Architecting Clustering Solution, Introduction to WMB 6, Application Design with Websphere MQ

Effective Time Management - The Foundation of Success Essay -- Time Ma

Effective Time Management - The Foundation of Success   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon returning to college, the mature student (any student over the age of 24) soon realizes that their ability to manage time effectively directly impacts their learning experience and their family life. Unlike traditional students, the mature student may have a spouse, children and a full-time job that is necessary for them to survive financially. Adults with families will readily agree that their family alone places serious demands on their time. When adding the responsibility of school, it becomes even more difficult to make time for family, work and personal time. Enough time needs to be spent on these three major facets of life. Too much time spent in one area usually means to little time spent in another, which usually leads to stress. Time management professionals say that stress is usually the result of poor time management. Effective time management has to be the foundation of any successful and productive life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 1,440 minutes in a day. If one is employed full-time, then about nine hours (540 minutes) of the day is spent at the office and commuting. The time left in the evening for family and self is very limited. Some companies allow their employees to telecommute, in which the company’s network is accessed from the employees’ home, usually via a high-speed or broadband connection. Telecommuting increases available time for family and self by eliminating the employee’s commute. Along with telecommuting, some companies offer Flex-Time. Flex-Time allows the work schedule to be configured differently from the typical Monday through Friday, 9am-to-5pm workweek. One will still work a total of 40 hours that week only one day may be shorter than the rest. Flex-Time is basically a flexible work schedule. Flex-time and telecommuting are examples of Flexible Work Options (FWO). FWOs allow employees the opportunity to find time for their families and s elves by introducing a time management element that â€Å"bends†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Along with the changing nature of office-hours via telecommuting and Flex-Time, there is a need for employees to be more efficient at work. Companies are implementing the â€Å"virtual office† which partly entails telecommuting but with the main focus being a more efficient, yet mobile workforce. With the virtual office, traditional office setups such as permanent workspac... ...s to get these things done and back to the office in one hour: pick up cash for sitter tonight, pick up three birthday gifts, buy her daughter a notebook, pens and a new backpack for school tomorrow, eat, get oil changed and pick up son’s asthma prescription. Well, Super Jane is at it again, she headed to the grocery store/pharmacy and picked up her son’s prescription, three gift cards for various stores to be given as birthday gifts, a salad and enough money for the baby-sitter to take her daughter to the store tonight to get her pens, notebook and new backpack. Now, off to Jiffy Lube where she will eat her salad while waiting for her oil to be changed. In summation, the benefits of time management can be life altering. As one finds ways to get more done with the time available to them, it can lead to an increase in overall self-confidence and a more positive outlook on life. Effective time management is also a very useful tool that can help to reduce stress in day-to-day life. If effective time management becomes a part of one’s life then he or she can find ways to juggle family, career, personal time and education. In essence, effective time management can lead to success.

Examining the Use of Social Media and Its Impact on Corporate

Title Examining the Use of Social Media and Its Impact on Corporate Commerce Assessment A, Part One – Evaluating the Pros and Cons of Different Social Media Sites Identify the pros and cons for each site. Blogger Con: Security – possible transmission of untrustworthy links Blogger Con: Too much information – public disclosure Blogger Con: Ability to post relevant, up-to-the-minute news and updates Blogger Pro: Ability to create a community Blogger Pro: Ability to incorporate elements of other social media sitesBlogger Pro: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Blogger Pro: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Digg Con: Not relevant to the niche audience Digg Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Digg Con: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Digg Con: Instant communication to large groups Digg Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, vid eos Facebook Con: Limited visual presentation of productFacebook Con: Ability to filter comments via an approval mechanism Facebook Con: Security – possible transmission of untrustworthy links Facebook Pro: Ability to create a community Facebook Pro: Ability to incorporate elements of other social media sites Facebook Pro: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Facebook Pro: Instant communication to large groups Facebook Pro: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Facebook Pro: Mobility – viewing on a cell photo adds to the audienceFacebook Pro: Ability to post relevant, up-to-the-minute news and updates Facebook Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, videos Flickr Con: Limited access from target audience Flickr Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Flickr Con: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Flickr Pro: Not a good way to build buzz in the beginning Flickr Pro: Limited visual presentation of product Metacafe Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographicsMetacafe Con: Instant communication to large groups Metacafe Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Metacafe Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, videos Twitter Con: Ability to filter comments via an approval mechanism Twitter Con: Character Limits Twitter Con: Limited visual presentation of product Twitter Con: Security – possible transmission of untrustworthy links Twitter Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Twitter Pro: Instant communication to large groupsTwitter Pro: Mobility – viewing on a cell photo adds to the audience Twitter Pro: Ability to post relevant, up-to-the-minute news and updates Twitter Pro: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics YouTube Con: Ability to filter comments via an approval mechanism YouTube Con: Secu rity – possible transmission of untrustworthy links YouTube Pro: Ability to incorporate elements of other social media sites YouTube Pro: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience YouTube Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, videosAssessment A, Part Two – Examining the Use of Social Media and its Impact on Corporate Commerce Recommend which social media site Master Dynasty should be launched on. Blog, Twitter, and Facebook. Assessment B – Examining the Use of Social Media and its Impact on Corporate Commerce How can social media sites help us build our brand? Centralizing social site, and create links to our other sites will build up our brand. How can we best reach our target audience? Gather our quality followers instead of quantity, we can choose our niche in our target audience based on profiles.How can it help our corporate commerce to show our audience that we're human beings? Show audience we are not just here to sell, but are gamers to. How does social media help give people a reason to buy from us? Targeting relevant customers and marketing our brand turns selling into participating online community. How can we use customer comments to improve our corporate commerce? By helping, us keep our customers happier by responding to their individual needs after receiving instant feedbacks of comments and posts. Â © 2011 Toolwire, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is Mercantilism

What is mercantilism? According to the definition in the America Past and Present history book is an economic theory that shaped imperial policy thought out the colonial period, mercantilism was built on the assumption that the world’s wealth was a fixed supply. In order to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. Favorable trade and protective economic policies, as well as new colonial possessions rich in raw materials, were important in achieving this balance.During the reign of Charles II English policy makers assumed they established a well-integrated set of concepts about the nature of international commerce and a carefully planned out set of mercantilist government policies to implement them. However, they only were interested in solving their own problems. Since there wasn’t laws or anything to regulate these groups their needs lead to the rise of the English commercial regulations.The Navigation Act was passed in 1660 which sta ted that no ship could trade in the colonies unless it had been constructed in either England or America and carried a crew that was at least 75% English and that certain enumerated goods of great value that were not produced in England could be transported from the colonies only to an English or another colonial port.Thru out the years more and more regulations were set the last major legislation came in 1696. This statute tightened enforcement procedures putting pressure specifically on the colonial governors to keep England’s competitors out of American ports. American colonials thought they were in unity with England that would later prove false.

Thelma and Louise Essays

Thelma and Louise Essays Thelma and Louise Paper Thelma and Louise Paper t is widely debated as to whether Thelma and Louise is a feminist film or not. Either way the film is unconventional, a road movie thats main characters are female. But as the narrative is not closed to interpretation, the ideological tensions are not worked out conclusively so there is room for argument. I will refer to two articles which hold opposing viewpoints. 1 Dargis claims that Thelma and Louise challenges the ideology of a genre by rewrit[ing] the road movie while Carlson argues that for [Thelma and Louise] feminism never happened. Carlson claims that the only difference between this and any other road movie is that women are plunked down in the lead rolls. In the act of attempting to achieve the desired freedom which is a key part of the narrative, the women have to behave like men. It would be considered a feminist movie if they could free themselves from men without having to become that which they are trying to escape from. Symbols throughout the movie are used to suggest this transition from feminine to masculine. For example, as Thelma is packing she delicately packs a very feminine gun, handling it with great care and even disgust, trying to touch it as little as possible. It shows her fear of manly objects and perhaps of having to defend herself. When later she saves Louise from the police officer who stops them for speeding, the gun is exchanged for a larger, manlier weapon. This could symbolise a woman becoming empowered. Dargis suggests it is used as a symbolic castration. Yet not only does the man loose his phallic symbol, but Thelma gains one. This could suggest there is a need to become like men to earn any freedom. There are many parallels to the male dominated road movie. Loud music, fast car, and almost never ending road and they are often shown in a extreme long shot, dwarfed by the scenery of the desert. This is often how men in road movies are portrayed, as if they are part of or becoming part of the landscape, or perhaps the landscape becoming a character. Yet I dont find this technique significant enough to claim that the characters are becoming men, as it is only a reference. The use of extreme long shots could also be interpreted as making the fugitives look small and vulnerable, although this isnt usually the case in the typical road movie. The vehicle as in many road movies almost becomes anthropomorphic. In one shot before they first meet the truck driver, the camera has a close up on the front car as its driving past the camera, then dollies down the side then tracks and pauses at the rear of the car to show its brand thunderbird. It may be a coincidence that a bird is slang for a woman. The car then drives off the screen. In this shot the idealism of the car is captured, sleek, stylish and fast. It embodies the freedom of the road. I find these parallels dont lead the viewer to consider the characters to be manly, although it creates an offbeat feeling as we expect that such characters should be men. Dargis argues that the narrative of Thelma and Louise is not just about a film in which women take the role of men in a road movie, but that it is custom-fitting [the road movie] to female specifications. Although the characters throughout the movie become less feminine in the way they act and dress, their intentions are not ideologically male. Instead of seeking wealth and power, they seek only freedom and pleasure, according to Dargis. Only when male characters try to force their will over these women do they retaliate to take the power back from the men, as happens when they lock the police man in his trunk, or by shooting the rapist. The narrative works out ideological tensions in power relations. Theres a struggle over who gains the power. The men want the power over women and they have it in the beginning of the film, and women want to have power over themselves, which they try to achieve. This shows that the women arent just plunked down in the starring roles as Carlson claimed. It involves the breakdown of typical film ideology, in which everyone has their place, and a womans place is submissive to men. We can see Louise beginning to turn away from men as she is packing her bags at the beginning, she calls her lover and receives an answering machine message. This causes her to turn his photograph face down. Although we can not see who the photograph is of, the connection is made by the expression on Louises face as she flips it over. This also suggests that this male character, as well as all other male characters will play a back seat in the rest of the film. Dargis contrasts this with other lead females from other movies who learn from men where Thelma and Louise look to each other to survive. Yet I would disagree with this point, as the men still have a large degree of control over the women throughout the film. The motivation for running from the law was fear of a male dominated justice system, and an incident involving a male rapist. Louise doesnt have the funds to make it to Mexico, so she relies on her lover to wire her the money.

12 Words with -join

12 Words with -join 12 Words with -join 12 Words with -join By Mark Nichol The root word join is the basis of a small group of words with some sense pertaining to unity, though many originally had a legal connotation (and some still do). Here are those words and their definitions. Join itself stems from the Latin word iungere, meaning â€Å"join together,† â€Å"unite,† or â€Å"yoke.† (In Latin, i could be pronounced as a vowel or a consonant; the latter sound was equivalent to y, which came to be pronounced like j in English.) Joint originally referred to a part of the body where two bones meet; this sense was later extended to any connecting point and to a cut of meat. Joint, as a slang term for a marijuana cigarette, might derive from the fact that it is often shared, but alternatively, it may be borrowed from earlier use of the term to describe a drug syringe, though the origin of that usage is obscure. The meaning of joint as a physical location where people met, initially in the sense of a disreputable establishment, probably derived from the idea of a smaller chamber adjoining a main room, where secret meetings, perhaps involving illegal activity, could be held. (This illicit sense probably inspired the use of joint as slang for jail or prison.) The adjectival sense of joint, meaning â€Å"sharing† or â€Å"united,† developed from the noun. Something disjointed lacks order and organization; the verb form disjoint is obsolete except in the mathematical sense of having no elements in common. A joiner is a carpenter who specializes in intricate woodworking, often involving joining pieces of wood to create boxes or furniture. The word also denotes someone with a proclivity for becoming a member of clubs or other organizations. Joinder is a word essentially confined to legal usage to refer to an act of joining together; it is also a rarely used synonym for the grammatical term conjunction. However, rejoinder, originally referring to a defendant’s answer to a charge, acquired a broader sense of a response, with the connotation of an angry reply to a critical comment. (Rejoin itself, which now means â€Å"reunite,† originally connoted a response in legal proceedings.) The similar-sounding jointure refers to a joint or an act of joining, although it is mostly used in the legal sense of settlement of an estate. Adjoin originally meant â€Å"ally† or â€Å"unite,† but the later sense of â€Å"be adjacent to† became predominant; the adjectival form is adjoining. To enjoin, usually used in a legal context, is to require or prohibit. Conjoin, meaning â€Å"come together,† is most frequently seen in its adjectival form in the phrase â€Å"conjoined twins,† referring to twins whose bodies are partially combined; conjoint is the basic adjectival form. Subjoin, meanwhile, means â€Å"add† or â€Å"append.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesHomogeneous vs. HeterogeneousEach vs. Both

Environmental Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental Analysis - Essay Example The Company has been appearing as the sales leader among global automakers in China over the last four years. In 2008, the estimated market shares of the GM in China were 12.1percent of the total GM Sales (GMChina). In this report, the environment analysis of GM China has been done. Through PESTLE analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, SWOT Analysis and other theoretical models, the current situation of GM in China has been analysed. External Analysis PESTLE Analysis Political Two factors are contributing to the growth and development of automobile industry of China: first, the suitable domestic policies and market openings: second, supply of vehicles and parts throughout the country in the logistic and commercial aspects (Kamiya & Ramirez, 2004). Chinese government authorities including local and central government do not only issue the automobile industry development plans but they are also involved in the operations of the companies to maintain such developments (Bungsche , 2007). Government of China has eliminated most of the fixed fees imposed on vehicles such as road maintenance fees of around $210 per year (Brogan, 2009). In 2010, Chinese government has introduced policies that could support new-energy auto industry. In the new policy, government is paying a subsidiary of up to 50,000 Yuan to any individual who buys a hybrid vehicle and 60,000 Yuan to any individual who buys battery electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle (Xinhua, 2010). The Chinese government is planning to pursue a new policy which could encourage industry consolidation thereby, promoting the development of Chinese-brand passenger cars and it has been estimated that by 2015 domestic sedans will be 40% of nation’s car market (Chinacartimes, 2010). This example shows that Chinese government aims to promote domestic car industry. Chinese government has imposed 10% sales tax on small cars which is effective from Januray 1, 2011. Analysts argue that small cars comprise of 60 percent of all passengers cars in China therefore, this policy of government will stop the growth of small cars thereby, increasing the demand of foreign companies especially the U.S. companies which have comparative advantage in manufacturing large cars (Hsu, 2010). The government inclination towards local companies is also evident from subsidies in China. According to an auto analyst, Zhang Zhiyong, the subsidies in China only promote local protection and they do not consider the model lines and technological improvements brought by foreign companies. Zhang Zhiyong argues that Chinese government should use subsidies to promote domestic automobiles which do not always mean foreign or local companies, rather it includes the companies which have significant ties with the city (Chinaenvironmentallaw, 2010). Economic Gross domestic product (GDP) has increased from 7.6 percent year-of-year in 1999 to 11.9 percent on 2007 (World Bank, 2008). In 2010, the GDP has grown by 10 percent (Chi natoday, 2011). Consumer price index (CPI) has increased from 98.6 percent year-of-year in 1999 to 104.8 percent in 2007 (World Bank

Natures deadliest animals in brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Natures deadliest animals in brazil - Essay Example ul research shows, however, that nature’s deadliest animals in Brazil are much more dangerous to other animals in their habitat, than to human beings. One of the creatures that is the most deadly in Brazil is a relatively common fish called the piranha. It is usually quite small, between 15 cm and 26 cm in length and it is very plentiful in the Amazon region. (St Louis and Chandler, p. 111) Its normal behavior is to scavenge for food from dead fish, plants and insects in the river and so it plays a useful role in cleaning up the environment. People very rarely are attacked by piranha but when a large mammal is attacked, it can be extremely shocking, since the piranha come in great numbers and nibble at the body. The reputation of this fish is actually much worse than its real nature, because it usually avoids human beings and concentrates on smaller prey. Only one particular situation can be very dangerous for humans, and that occurs when the river is low. Piranhas can get trapped in tributaries or lakes that get cut off from the main river. This means that their food supply disappears and in that case they will attack almost anyt hing because they are desperate for food. It is noted that â€Å"confirmed accounts of human fatalities caused by piranhas are extremely few, but plenty of Amazonian river folks have scars or missing fingers to testify just how sharp and vicious those little triangular teeth can be.† (St Louis and Chandler, p. 104) Many people are afraid of another small creature, which is technically an insect rather than an animal, namely the spider. In Brazil there are several species of the biggest spiders of all: tarantulas. These include the Brazilian yellowbanded, the Brazilian salmon, the Brazilian black and the Brazilian graysmoke, as well as many others which are common across the South American continent (Tarantula facts website). The way that tarantulas capture and kill their prey is quite disgusting from a human point of view, but

Service Desks in IT Service Support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Service Desks in IT Service Support - Essay Example 0s the ticketing systems somewhat evolved, but were still mainly used by the IT professionally and allowed end-users only limited input on the support work performed on their behalf. Today all Service Desk software is used to make the IT support costumer oriented. Jones C. from EDUCASE (2005) states online that Service Desks handle various tasks such as: Some of Service Desk types include call centers, contact centers and help centers but a Service Desk should offer all of those services (and more) approached globally. Its main goals should be providing a single point of contact to the costumers and restoring normal operation service for the costumer. Hopefully the Service Desk the first place a costumer will go when dealing with an issue it makes sense that the support organization is a priority in business continuity planning. It can be concluded that modern Desktop Service systems integrate incident/problem tracking, as well as change, configuration and service level management. One of the key differentiators between the Help Desk paradigm, and more recently introduced systems according to InteQ’s online resources (2000-2010) is „the ability for end-users to interact with the system, allowing expanded visibility into the ongoing operations and services being provided directly to them by their IT department â€Å". In the late 1980s the IT Infrastructure Library became a standard in the Service Management. It has been created from a project by the CCTA (Central Computer&Telephone Agency) and has become a set of best practices adopted by IT organizations worldwide (InteQ, 2000-2010). Version 1 that emerged in the UK contained 42 task/processes. Although the version was widely accepted it didnt quite capture the needs of networks being formed at that time. Version 2 was published in 2002 stating 10 core processes that were adopted and the version even became the basis for Microsoft Operating Framework. In 2005, ITIL became the foundation for the ISO-20000

Motives of Bank Mergers and Acquisition

Motives of Bank Mergers and Acquisition Chapter One 1.0 Introduction Over the years, the world have witnessed growth and development in the business world and will still record a lot more due to rapid technological growth in recent times. Merger and Acquisitions (MA) has contributed immensely to the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic development and also helped indirectly to create stability in some industries in both developing and developed nations. A merger is usually the amalgamation of two or more companies running commercial activities. On the other hand, acquisition is where one company takes over another and the identity of the other company can be eradicated as it becomes part of a larger company. Most MAs between companies have occurred as a result of achieving economies of scale and penetrate into new markets. Many bank employees regard MA as a threat to their jobs as the period will record shareholders demand for reduction of workforce. It will also be problematic to execute Human resource management with, and the environment of MA due to t he changes that will be recorded in the procedures and practices in the new company. The vast majority of mergers acquisitions research is correctional and focuses on publicly traded corporate entities, using quantitative secondary data made available by large number of databases (Meglio and Risberg, 2010). Background to the Study A significant change has been witnessed in the Nigerian banking sector over the years, in respect to ownership structure, number of institutions and locations, as well as the profundity of operations. There are some numbers of effects when companies merge or when one company acquires another company (Cigola and Modesti, 2008). This include reduced expense in production and management cost, deriving It was observed that downsizing, mergers, and acquisitions are examples of the radical organizational responses to increase global completion, improvements in technology, and government deregulation (Shook and Roth, 2010). The changes so far recorded have been predisposed mostly by the challenges posed by issues as globalization, deregulation of the financial sector, and the implementation of a decision making and prudential requirements that are in line with international standards. This is why some companies may deliberately choose to merge with any other readily available in its line of business. The benefits in most cases are much more than the losses if any is recorded. Mergers have also had effects on employees as the process usually leads to an upward or downward review of wages and salaries. There are also cases where the MA leads to downsizing of workforce as new technological operation techniques will be adopted and there will be less needed for human resource compared to the former way of operation. Bank Mergers and Acquisition A significant amount of research has been done to ascertain the success rate of MAs in banks to be able to draw conclusion on its profitability and efficiency (Behr and Heid, 2011). It was pointed out that despite the considerable prospective U.S banking mergers in the 1980s; many of them were not successful in achieving their aim due to the cost of efficiency. Banks have diverse reasons why they merge which relates to the business motives behind it such as managerial incentives (Wood, 2006). The banking industry was partly strengthened through MA as they use the merged assets to build a strong capital base for the bank and more assets that have appreciated value. Soludo (2004) enumerated the fundamental problems of the banks, particularly those classified as unsound, have been identified to include; persistent illiquidity, poor assets quality and unprofitable operations and further mentioned that their major problems also included weak governance , weak capital base, late publicatio ns of annual reports, gross insider abuses and over dependence on public sector deposits. Many literatures indicates that banking sector reforms in Nigeria propelled by the need to deepen the financial sector and reposition for growth, to become integrated into the global financial design; and involve a banking sector that is consulting with regional integration requirement and international best practices (Somoye, 2010). Nigerian Banking Industry In the recent past, Nigerian banks have adopted poles apart strategies to achieve a predetermined least amount capital base during the banking sector consolidation in the year 2004 and 2005 which was put at twenty five billion Naira (Alao, 2010). This process saw a lot of banks in Nigeria to source for funds from all forms of businesses to meet up the demand and at a point, it was observed mergers or acquisition of smaller banks was the only way out of the regulation. MAs is a global phenomenon with an estimated four thousand deals taking place each year. Elumilade (2010) mentioned that banks are the linchpin of the economy of any country. He mentioned that banks in any every country play a vital position in respect to the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial system and they could be regarded as vital agents for development process. Banks also are relevant through financial intermediation services and promote economic growth (Afolabi, 2004). According to Ibru (2006), there was an embryonic phase of the Nigerian banking industry which began with the first set of banks started with the African banking corporation which had its headquarter in south Africa and was pioneering by the Nigerian banking system in 1892. In 1894 the British bank for West Africa which now known as the first bank while union bank of Nigeria plc formerly known as the Barclays D.C.O started in 1925. The British and French bank now united bank for Africa was established in 1949. Many other indigenous banks were established and they ushered in the era that saw the constant monopoly erstwhile enjoyed by the foreign owned banks (CBN, 2008) Central Bank of Nigeria and Market Recapitalization The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2004 introduced a policy that made it mandatory for recapitalization to be carried out in the banking industry. This was mentioned as the fourth phase of the banks restructuring scheme and all banks should comply strictly before the end of 2005 (Afolabi, 2004). This led the emergence of twenty five consolidated banks and the process encouraged mergers and acquisition in many cases. They were 89 members of the Nigerian banking industry (NBI) prior to the recapitalization. It was recorded that the CBN in 2009 provided two hundred billion Naira to four undercapitalized banks after an audit was carried out which reported that they could face liquidity problems and needed funds to continue normal operations. In addition, the CBN decided to stabilize the system and return confidence to the markets and investors, an addition injection of six hundred and twenty billion naira of liquidity into the banking sector and there is a replacement of leadership in eight banks which has given sector a little more balanced than its formal position (Sanusi, 2010). Relevance of the Research After the bank consolidation in 2005, it was mentioned in a CBN report that UBA Plc and First Bank of Nigeria have been effectively competing with multinationals in various aspects of international business. CBN Report (2007) also revealed that some Nigerian banks after the consolidation were able to register their presence in the developed countries like United States of America and United Kingdom as participate in foreign market areas of funds transfer and loans servicing. Mergers and acquisitions have for long attracted interest of many researchers in academics in trying to predict the outcomes of the deals (Meglio and Risberg, 2010). They further explained that the inconsistency in some research findings has necessitated the need for more integrative frameworks to grasp the complete phenomenon. Also, the researchersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ opinion aiming to explain mergers and acquisition outcomes in general have not been able to successfully develop and test a grand theory about MAs. Aim of the Study This research aims to look into the overall motives of banks mergers and acquisition as well as its impact on the Nigerian economy. Research Questions and Objectives Research Questions What are the implications of bank mergers and acquisition? What are the motives behind bank merger and acquisition? How does merger and acquisition impact on efficiency? How can merger and acquisition effect competition in the Nigerian banking sector? Research Objectives To critically evaluate mergers and acquisition in the banking sector To analyse the impact of merger and acquisition in the Nigerian banking sector To evaluate the success of UBA merger and acquisition To identify the success factors of UBA in Nigeria Banking sector Plan of the study The plan of this work has been structured to begin by providing a background of the area under discussion and justifying the need for the study in the first chapter. This would be immediate followed by review of literatures relating to similar issues and traditional views of mergers and acquisition in chapter two. The research method which will highlight how I intend to gather data will be presented in the third chapter. The data analysis and findings will be presented and discussed in chapters four which will be followed by the summary, conclusion and recommendation in chapter five. Summary This chapter gives an insight into the subject matter by examining the different related aspects of the subject that will contribute to the major focus of the other chapters. It is a known fact that MA has positive and negative impacts in any sector or environment where it has occurred and this will give us the opportunity to draw the impact of competition that will bring in the absence of a monopoly situation. Chapter Two Literature Review Recent studies show that the bank recapitalization process that took place in Nigeria in 2005 has been of great importance to the sector. Merger and acquisition across the world have had positive impact in the strength of the firm in most cases. The banking sector in Nigeria across the world has had course to experience MA in some cases and this helped them in restricting in various forms. The UBA merger with STB was a success as the experience of the first generation bank and agility of a new generation bank was put together to produce a stronger UBA Plc. History of Mergers and Acquisitions MA history time and again have surprises many people when they realise that the concept of MA are not new, and on the converse they are progressing from the early years. It helps us to understand the evolution of the concepts in the world. The economic watch (2011) mentioned that there are five major stages of MA which discussed as wave period. Each of these waves recorded its progress associated with it and has a technological support that gave rise to the era. Past experience has also shown that MA are triggered by economic factors. The period between (1897 1904) saw a lot of horizontal mergers as companies which enjoyed monopolistic competition over their area of production such as electricity and transcontinental railroads merging with others in same area. It mainly occurred between heavy manufacturing industries at that time. A lot of mergers failed towards the end of this phase as they could not get the desired efficiency and the state of world economy as at 1903 as well as th e stock market crash on 1904 did not help matters. Chu (2010) reflected to the mergers in Canadian banks in 1889 to 1926 which could be referred to as both the first and second wave period. He explained that economist has not fully explored the mechanisms through which financial developments affects economic growths. Canadaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth trough MA under the period was under study was also associated with higher banking concentration and a wider branch network. Kling (2006) also agreed that the German universal system emerged around 1914 as the big banks in Berlin acquired smaller banks. This development supported industrial enterprise and external growth through industrial enterprise. The second wave or MA was recorded between 1916 and 1929 which were more between oligopolies as that of monopolies in the first era. The post world war economic boom after the First World War supported these mergers. Also, government policies as at that time started to encouraged companies to work together and technological innovation in areas of transportation provided the needed for such MA. Most of the mergers at this time were mainly horizontal or conglomerate in nature. Producers of key metals, petroleum products, food products, chemicals and transport equipments were mainly involved in the mergers of this period. Investment also supported very in merger as at the period but the great depression of 1929 and the stock market crash in same year brought period to an end. There were mainly conglomerate mergers as at 1965 to 1969 which was stimulated by sky-scraping stock prices, interest rates, and stringent enforcement of antitrust law in the third wave merger. This period did not end well as government were becoming too harsh towards them end of the period but a few companies did well in the 1970s. The fourth merger wave was within 1981 to 1989 recorded mergers in some industries such as airline, banking, oil and gas and pharmaceutical. There many cases of foreign takeovers and the period ended with anti takeover laws, reforms in financial institution and the gulf war. Kim and white (1998) analyzed almost all commercial banks mergers in the united states between 1985 and 1991, and found out evidence of decreasing cost efficiencies in most mergers, except for mergers between very large financial institutions. The small and medium commercial banks decreased efficiencies after merger. Globalization, stock market boom and deregulation in the telecommunication, banking and petroleum industries were major characteristics of the fifth merger. Most of the mergers at this time were geared towards profit maximization but the burst of the stock bubble also ended this era. Huyghebaert and Luypaert (2009) states that in the year 2007 alone, there almost forty thousand deals announced in respect mergers and acquisitions across the world. This accounted for an aggregate value deal value of one thousand, three hundred and forty-five billion dollars. Ernst and Young (1995) also identified the alternatives of acquisition: financial, geographic, and symbiotic and absorption acquisitions. In the case of financial is where a company is bought into a holding company for the purpose of restructuring. The main objectives for the acquisition are mainly to eradication, reduce cost and improved efficiency. There are so many firms with ideas to change the world of business but lack the financial muscle to improve in research and development and or invest more into the existing findings. Any business speculator that gets hold of this will ensure that these ideas see the light of the day by an outright acquisition so as to finance the company for growth. Geographic acquisitions are intended to expand the acquirerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core business across new frontiers. The term emerging markets rings a bell in business as every investor want to sell products and services where there is a ready market with a thriving huge population. In the rece nt years, most businesses have moved their production sites to Asia where there cheap labour and n emerging market for the product. Some parts of Africa where there reasonable levels of stability have also seen to be good to expand into as a new frontier. The sales of mobile phone handsets the Nigerian market could be seen as a good example a new frontier for Chinese or Japanese phone manufacturers. Companies merge with others in a different location just to get access to the new location as well. Symbolic acquisitions are described as where newly acquired products and competencies are absorbed into the parents business but the acquired company retains a level of independence, absorption acquisition imply that the two businesses are fully integrated, with one effectively loosing identity. This is an effective business strategy as the name of the former company is like an asset and most customers may not continue with the product or services if the name is changed. The case of Tata acquiring land rover in 2009 is a suitable case where the name Tata is known for production of trucks and military vehicles, but land rover is known for luxury cars and as such the change of the name perceived with strength should remain to keep the market moving smooth. The case of absorption acquisition as mentioned before where one companies gradually losses identity could be seen in the case if Safeway supermarket and Morrisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supermarket where Safeway gradually faded away. Chen and Tan (2011) examined how the deregulation of financial services industry has intensified in some European countries a significant portion of business handled by banks. This is because the deregulated banks have more financial capacity to manage and finance businesses with a confidence of measuring up at the end of the day. There were two hundred and thirteen mergers during 1989 to 2004 with the acquirer of a European bank and the target of an insurance company. This was because the growth and success rate of mergers was lucidly clear to business world at time, in that firms were on the lookout for a similar thriving company that they could merge resource and ideas together to achieve economies of scale and reduced overhead cost. Koetter (2007) was of the view that prior to the merger targets perform poorly compared to acquirers in many merger cases. The increasing efficiency of a firm reduces the hazards of takeovers but increases the risk if bank failures. Therefore, the probability of takeovers and failures is influence significantly by efficiency. Imala (2005) identified eight reasons for merger and acquisitions in the financial service sector. The identified reason are in relation cost savings attributed to economies of scale as well as more efficient allocation of resources; revenue enhancement which is derived from the impact of consolidation on bank size, scope, and overall market power; risk reduction due to change in organisational focus and efficient organizational structure; new development which imposes a high fixed cost and need to spread these costs across a large customer base; the advent of deregulation which removed many important legal and regulatory barriers; globalisation which engender a more globally integrated financial service and geographical expansion of banking operations; financial stability characterised by the smooth functioning of various components of the financial system, with each component resilient to shock; shareholders pressure on management to improve profit margins and returns on investment made possibly by new and powerful shareholders blocks. Nigerian Banking Environment According to Adegbaju (2007), there have been remarkable developments in the Nigerian banking sector over the years. Mergers and acquisition in Nigerian banks to took place in 2004 / 2005 commenced after an announcement by the CBN that all commercial banks in Nigeria should upgrade their minimum capital base too twenty five billion Naira before the end of December 2005. Umoren, (2009) examined the benefits of the fortification and consolidation of the Nigerian banking system as it could be seen as the first phase where by such reforms are made to help to guarantee a well built and reliable banking sector that is also considered to be diversified to ensure depositors safety. The role of money in the development of any nation cannot be over emphasized and the Nigerian economy needs to be capable and competitive in the African continent particular as well as the world in general. Madabueze (2008) mentioned that the recent reforms in Nigeria banking sector which required the banks to source for high capital base to the tune of twenty five billion naira which is put at approximately one hundred and ninety million dollars, recorded a sharp drop down of the number of banks from eighty-nine to less than twenty-four currently in operation. He further argued that this will enable the Nigerian banks to become relevant and active players in the international scene, helping the image of Nigeria as a financial capital of some sort of (china of Africa). The Nigerian economic policy was regarded as an economically fragile policy some decades before then but the recapitalization process has enable two recent developments which is a positive message to the international community. The CBN governor at that time, prof. Charles Soludo explained that before the recapitalization commenced, the Nigerian banks have not played their role in economic development because of their fee ble and frail capital base and as such, there was a great need to strengthen them through the consolidation process. Madabueze (2007) opined that the crusade requesting the CBN to be flexible with their position of recapitalization did not involve bankers alone as members of the national assembly in Nigeria also requested the CBN to reverse its decision of recapitalization to the amount twenty five billion naira. Is was further observed as he mentioned that members of the public were completely against the move as they felt the process will worsen the situation and many of them started making panic withdrawals from their accounts. On the other hand, the CBN also had its fair supporters which included the former president of the federal republic of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo who publicly showed his support for the twenty five billion capital base for banks, the Manufacturers association of Nigeria (MAN) who were completely in support of the policy claiming that it will enlarge the national economic base and help to position the real sector. Ogundele (2008) agreed that mergers are essentially the amalgamation of two or more companies that of all or the parties must be in existence legally and the surviving company continues to function in its originally registered name. In some case, merged companies find themselves out of business and leave its assets and liabilities to the acquiring company. Williams and Rao (2006) focus on mergers and acquisition because they are events that correspond to considerable changes in the asset structure of the bank. Commercial bank faces different risk, capital structure and regulatory environments as against firms that have been traditionally studied for governance effects and managerial risk aversion. Owokalade (2006) observed the definition of mergers as posited by the company and allied matters act decree of 1990 that any amalgamation of the undertakings of two or more companies or the undertaking of two or more companies and one or more bodies corporate. He emphasized that a form of dealings combination whereby two or more companies join collectively to become one; being voluntary liquidated by having it interest taken by the other and its shareholders becoming shareholders in the blown up existing company. Kurfi (2010) is of the view that mergers as a principle of the combination of two or more companies that translate same business purposes and agree to come together and decide whichever the given name of one of the companies or absolutely take a new name. He further mentioned that amalgamation is another word for merger. Mergers usually occur between firms of almost same size and are usually friendly. In the case of Stanbic bank and IBTC bank, they arrive at a name StanbicIBTC bank plc after their merger and the resultant name was due to the friendship earlier involved and almost same size of the banks. Kazmi (2006) grouped merger into four: horizontal, vertical concentric and conglomerate mergers. Further explanation revealed that horizontal mergers takes place where there is a combination of two or more firms in the same business, or an organisation engaged in certain aspects of the production and marketing process. When there is a merger of two or more firms but necessary in the same business which might be complementary in supply of materials or marketing is referred to as a vertical merger. The concentric merger takes place when there is a combination of two or more firms related to each other in line of function, customer group or alternative technologies used. Conglomerate merger occurs when there is a combination of two or more firms that are unrelated in customer function, customer group, and alternative technologies. There are situations where a company gets involved in all the above listed forms of mergers. For example, HP a computer and printers giant has merged with Com paq recently and before then acquire Apollo computers which related, acquired Agilent technologies which were into chemicals and medical business, acquired Mercury Interactive which was a software company. The UBA Merger Mergers and acquisition is simply a different approach encourage survival of the fittest is to give rise to a stronger, more efficient, better structure and skilled industry. The Guardian Newspaper reported in 2005 the UBA merger started with separate meetings where that boards of directors of UBA and Standard Trust Bank Plc accepted the arrangement for a union of both financial institutions. The bank aimed to become the biggest bank in West African and one of the largest in Africa. When they considered the assets of both banks before the merger, it was observed that had a formidable asset base after accessing their portfolios at that time and when is been concretised, they could customers from all sectors of the economy. It has over 100 branches spread out strategically across the country in what is described as the largest truly online real-time banking network in sub-Saharan Africa. It is often referred to as Nigerias neighbourhood bank. This derives from its national orientation in terms of geographic spread and continuing national expansion. Wheelen and Hunger (2008) confirmed that UBA the former Trade bank and Citi express bank because the firms were different in sizes and as such they can either be friendly or hostile. Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s UBA is a merger between two predecessors banks, legacy UBA and Standard Trust Bank (STB) which were ranked third and fifth in size respectively prior to the 2005 CBN reform and consolidation programme. It was a huge success as the ability to anticipate industry trends, coupled with the banks agility, enabled them to be the first successful merger in the history of Nigerian banking industry, thus creating the current UBA plc which its management rates as the largest financial services institution on West Africa. As the economies of Nigeria and Africa continues to improve, following the established path of the emerging market; i.e. increased political stability, improved government finances, growing domestic consumer demand, high commodity prices and significant improvement in the economic indicators, the UBA is well positioned as a warrant on the African renaissance story. The presence of UBA in all commercial centres and major cities in Nigeria and Ghana has earned the bank the nickname: the neighbourhood bank. This appellation ties in with the UBA brand promise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The wise choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and guides our retail distribution strategy which enable us to deliver exactly should be expected by both potential and existing customers of the bank in respect to proximity, choice, convenience and customization. UBA is a bank that is operating out of two of the most vibrant economies in the sub region; Nigeria and Ghana, the new |UBA combines the financial strength of fifty-seven year UBA and the young , innovative and technology driven dynamism of the then STB. UBA has maintained a consistent and solid financial performance in its forty-five year history since it began business in 1961. The bank has record history of leading and pioneering innovations in Nigerian financial sector. It is the first ever and only Nigerian bank to surpass the one trillion balance sheet size with contingents inclusive. It is the only sub-Saharan African bank excluding republic of South Africa that has a branch in New York, USA. UBA was ranked the number one bank in Nigeria in 2007, and bank of the year award (Thisday, 2007). This was due to the banks outstanding performance in the banking sector. Euromoney (2000) confirmed that UBA was the best domestic bank in Nigeria and was the first among international banks to be registered under Nigerian law. The bank has received excellence credit ratings both short and long term, global credit rating (SA) AA+ and A+ in 2005.UBA is the first Nigerian bank to offer an IPO following its listing on the Nigerian stock exchange in 1970. UBA was the first Nigerian bank to introduce a Cheque Guarantee Scheme known as the UBACARD in 1986. It was the first bank to introduce the Nigerian Government Bond index in 2006. It was also the only Nigerian company with the GDR programme. The GDR is a negotiable certificate representing ownership of shares. They are quoted and traded in US dollars and the dividends are paid in same currency. It is specially designed to facilitate the purchase, holding and sale of non US securities by foreign investor. This GDR programme enables foreign institutional investors to hold and trade UBA shares without having to expatriate funds into Nigeria. This Depositary Receipt (GDR) is preferred by some investors who are unable to hold Nigerian securities for compliance reasons or due to a lack of the appropriate infrastructure for holding an ordinary share. The GDR also trade, clear and settle according to international market conventions rather than those prevalent in Nigeria (UBA Report, 2008) West Africa and indeed everywhere the bank has presence. It is simple, elegant, vibrant and memorable, combining the mustard seed of legacy STB and the typographic execution of the letters UBA, predominantly in red and white. During the period of the former standard trust bank plc (STB Plc) acquired 27.34% of the United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA plc) and this transaction resulted not a merger between the two banks, whereby all assets and liabilities of standard trust bank Plc were transferred to UBA Plc. The entire share capital of STB was cancelled and STB was dissolved without being wound up and the shareholders of STB were allotted UBA shares. Motives of Bank Mergers and Acquisition Motives of Bank Mergers and Acquisition Chapter One 1.0 Introduction Over the years, the world have witnessed growth and development in the business world and will still record a lot more due to rapid technological growth in recent times. Merger and Acquisitions (MA) has contributed immensely to the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic development and also helped indirectly to create stability in some industries in both developing and developed nations. A merger is usually the amalgamation of two or more companies running commercial activities. On the other hand, acquisition is where one company takes over another and the identity of the other company can be eradicated as it becomes part of a larger company. Most MAs between companies have occurred as a result of achieving economies of scale and penetrate into new markets. Many bank employees regard MA as a threat to their jobs as the period will record shareholders demand for reduction of workforce. It will also be problematic to execute Human resource management with, and the environment of MA due to t he changes that will be recorded in the procedures and practices in the new company. The vast majority of mergers acquisitions research is correctional and focuses on publicly traded corporate entities, using quantitative secondary data made available by large number of databases (Meglio and Risberg, 2010). Background to the Study A significant change has been witnessed in the Nigerian banking sector over the years, in respect to ownership structure, number of institutions and locations, as well as the profundity of operations. There are some numbers of effects when companies merge or when one company acquires another company (Cigola and Modesti, 2008). This include reduced expense in production and management cost, deriving It was observed that downsizing, mergers, and acquisitions are examples of the radical organizational responses to increase global completion, improvements in technology, and government deregulation (Shook and Roth, 2010). The changes so far recorded have been predisposed mostly by the challenges posed by issues as globalization, deregulation of the financial sector, and the implementation of a decision making and prudential requirements that are in line with international standards. This is why some companies may deliberately choose to merge with any other readily available in its line of business. The benefits in most cases are much more than the losses if any is recorded. Mergers have also had effects on employees as the process usually leads to an upward or downward review of wages and salaries. There are also cases where the MA leads to downsizing of workforce as new technological operation techniques will be adopted and there will be less needed for human resource compared to the former way of operation. Bank Mergers and Acquisition A significant amount of research has been done to ascertain the success rate of MAs in banks to be able to draw conclusion on its profitability and efficiency (Behr and Heid, 2011). It was pointed out that despite the considerable prospective U.S banking mergers in the 1980s; many of them were not successful in achieving their aim due to the cost of efficiency. Banks have diverse reasons why they merge which relates to the business motives behind it such as managerial incentives (Wood, 2006). The banking industry was partly strengthened through MA as they use the merged assets to build a strong capital base for the bank and more assets that have appreciated value. Soludo (2004) enumerated the fundamental problems of the banks, particularly those classified as unsound, have been identified to include; persistent illiquidity, poor assets quality and unprofitable operations and further mentioned that their major problems also included weak governance , weak capital base, late publicatio ns of annual reports, gross insider abuses and over dependence on public sector deposits. Many literatures indicates that banking sector reforms in Nigeria propelled by the need to deepen the financial sector and reposition for growth, to become integrated into the global financial design; and involve a banking sector that is consulting with regional integration requirement and international best practices (Somoye, 2010). Nigerian Banking Industry In the recent past, Nigerian banks have adopted poles apart strategies to achieve a predetermined least amount capital base during the banking sector consolidation in the year 2004 and 2005 which was put at twenty five billion Naira (Alao, 2010). This process saw a lot of banks in Nigeria to source for funds from all forms of businesses to meet up the demand and at a point, it was observed mergers or acquisition of smaller banks was the only way out of the regulation. MAs is a global phenomenon with an estimated four thousand deals taking place each year. Elumilade (2010) mentioned that banks are the linchpin of the economy of any country. He mentioned that banks in any every country play a vital position in respect to the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial system and they could be regarded as vital agents for development process. Banks also are relevant through financial intermediation services and promote economic growth (Afolabi, 2004). According to Ibru (2006), there was an embryonic phase of the Nigerian banking industry which began with the first set of banks started with the African banking corporation which had its headquarter in south Africa and was pioneering by the Nigerian banking system in 1892. In 1894 the British bank for West Africa which now known as the first bank while union bank of Nigeria plc formerly known as the Barclays D.C.O started in 1925. The British and French bank now united bank for Africa was established in 1949. Many other indigenous banks were established and they ushered in the era that saw the constant monopoly erstwhile enjoyed by the foreign owned banks (CBN, 2008) Central Bank of Nigeria and Market Recapitalization The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2004 introduced a policy that made it mandatory for recapitalization to be carried out in the banking industry. This was mentioned as the fourth phase of the banks restructuring scheme and all banks should comply strictly before the end of 2005 (Afolabi, 2004). This led the emergence of twenty five consolidated banks and the process encouraged mergers and acquisition in many cases. They were 89 members of the Nigerian banking industry (NBI) prior to the recapitalization. It was recorded that the CBN in 2009 provided two hundred billion Naira to four undercapitalized banks after an audit was carried out which reported that they could face liquidity problems and needed funds to continue normal operations. In addition, the CBN decided to stabilize the system and return confidence to the markets and investors, an addition injection of six hundred and twenty billion naira of liquidity into the banking sector and there is a replacement of leadership in eight banks which has given sector a little more balanced than its formal position (Sanusi, 2010). Relevance of the Research After the bank consolidation in 2005, it was mentioned in a CBN report that UBA Plc and First Bank of Nigeria have been effectively competing with multinationals in various aspects of international business. CBN Report (2007) also revealed that some Nigerian banks after the consolidation were able to register their presence in the developed countries like United States of America and United Kingdom as participate in foreign market areas of funds transfer and loans servicing. Mergers and acquisitions have for long attracted interest of many researchers in academics in trying to predict the outcomes of the deals (Meglio and Risberg, 2010). They further explained that the inconsistency in some research findings has necessitated the need for more integrative frameworks to grasp the complete phenomenon. Also, the researchersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ opinion aiming to explain mergers and acquisition outcomes in general have not been able to successfully develop and test a grand theory about MAs. Aim of the Study This research aims to look into the overall motives of banks mergers and acquisition as well as its impact on the Nigerian economy. Research Questions and Objectives Research Questions What are the implications of bank mergers and acquisition? What are the motives behind bank merger and acquisition? How does merger and acquisition impact on efficiency? How can merger and acquisition effect competition in the Nigerian banking sector? Research Objectives To critically evaluate mergers and acquisition in the banking sector To analyse the impact of merger and acquisition in the Nigerian banking sector To evaluate the success of UBA merger and acquisition To identify the success factors of UBA in Nigeria Banking sector Plan of the study The plan of this work has been structured to begin by providing a background of the area under discussion and justifying the need for the study in the first chapter. This would be immediate followed by review of literatures relating to similar issues and traditional views of mergers and acquisition in chapter two. The research method which will highlight how I intend to gather data will be presented in the third chapter. The data analysis and findings will be presented and discussed in chapters four which will be followed by the summary, conclusion and recommendation in chapter five. Summary This chapter gives an insight into the subject matter by examining the different related aspects of the subject that will contribute to the major focus of the other chapters. It is a known fact that MA has positive and negative impacts in any sector or environment where it has occurred and this will give us the opportunity to draw the impact of competition that will bring in the absence of a monopoly situation. Chapter Two Literature Review Recent studies show that the bank recapitalization process that took place in Nigeria in 2005 has been of great importance to the sector. Merger and acquisition across the world have had positive impact in the strength of the firm in most cases. The banking sector in Nigeria across the world has had course to experience MA in some cases and this helped them in restricting in various forms. The UBA merger with STB was a success as the experience of the first generation bank and agility of a new generation bank was put together to produce a stronger UBA Plc. History of Mergers and Acquisitions MA history time and again have surprises many people when they realise that the concept of MA are not new, and on the converse they are progressing from the early years. It helps us to understand the evolution of the concepts in the world. The economic watch (2011) mentioned that there are five major stages of MA which discussed as wave period. Each of these waves recorded its progress associated with it and has a technological support that gave rise to the era. Past experience has also shown that MA are triggered by economic factors. The period between (1897 1904) saw a lot of horizontal mergers as companies which enjoyed monopolistic competition over their area of production such as electricity and transcontinental railroads merging with others in same area. It mainly occurred between heavy manufacturing industries at that time. A lot of mergers failed towards the end of this phase as they could not get the desired efficiency and the state of world economy as at 1903 as well as th e stock market crash on 1904 did not help matters. Chu (2010) reflected to the mergers in Canadian banks in 1889 to 1926 which could be referred to as both the first and second wave period. He explained that economist has not fully explored the mechanisms through which financial developments affects economic growths. Canadaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth trough MA under the period was under study was also associated with higher banking concentration and a wider branch network. Kling (2006) also agreed that the German universal system emerged around 1914 as the big banks in Berlin acquired smaller banks. This development supported industrial enterprise and external growth through industrial enterprise. The second wave or MA was recorded between 1916 and 1929 which were more between oligopolies as that of monopolies in the first era. The post world war economic boom after the First World War supported these mergers. Also, government policies as at that time started to encouraged companies to work together and technological innovation in areas of transportation provided the needed for such MA. Most of the mergers at this time were mainly horizontal or conglomerate in nature. Producers of key metals, petroleum products, food products, chemicals and transport equipments were mainly involved in the mergers of this period. Investment also supported very in merger as at the period but the great depression of 1929 and the stock market crash in same year brought period to an end. There were mainly conglomerate mergers as at 1965 to 1969 which was stimulated by sky-scraping stock prices, interest rates, and stringent enforcement of antitrust law in the third wave merger. This period did not end well as government were becoming too harsh towards them end of the period but a few companies did well in the 1970s. The fourth merger wave was within 1981 to 1989 recorded mergers in some industries such as airline, banking, oil and gas and pharmaceutical. There many cases of foreign takeovers and the period ended with anti takeover laws, reforms in financial institution and the gulf war. Kim and white (1998) analyzed almost all commercial banks mergers in the united states between 1985 and 1991, and found out evidence of decreasing cost efficiencies in most mergers, except for mergers between very large financial institutions. The small and medium commercial banks decreased efficiencies after merger. Globalization, stock market boom and deregulation in the telecommunication, banking and petroleum industries were major characteristics of the fifth merger. Most of the mergers at this time were geared towards profit maximization but the burst of the stock bubble also ended this era. Huyghebaert and Luypaert (2009) states that in the year 2007 alone, there almost forty thousand deals announced in respect mergers and acquisitions across the world. This accounted for an aggregate value deal value of one thousand, three hundred and forty-five billion dollars. Ernst and Young (1995) also identified the alternatives of acquisition: financial, geographic, and symbiotic and absorption acquisitions. In the case of financial is where a company is bought into a holding company for the purpose of restructuring. The main objectives for the acquisition are mainly to eradication, reduce cost and improved efficiency. There are so many firms with ideas to change the world of business but lack the financial muscle to improve in research and development and or invest more into the existing findings. Any business speculator that gets hold of this will ensure that these ideas see the light of the day by an outright acquisition so as to finance the company for growth. Geographic acquisitions are intended to expand the acquirerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core business across new frontiers. The term emerging markets rings a bell in business as every investor want to sell products and services where there is a ready market with a thriving huge population. In the rece nt years, most businesses have moved their production sites to Asia where there cheap labour and n emerging market for the product. Some parts of Africa where there reasonable levels of stability have also seen to be good to expand into as a new frontier. The sales of mobile phone handsets the Nigerian market could be seen as a good example a new frontier for Chinese or Japanese phone manufacturers. Companies merge with others in a different location just to get access to the new location as well. Symbolic acquisitions are described as where newly acquired products and competencies are absorbed into the parents business but the acquired company retains a level of independence, absorption acquisition imply that the two businesses are fully integrated, with one effectively loosing identity. This is an effective business strategy as the name of the former company is like an asset and most customers may not continue with the product or services if the name is changed. The case of Tata acquiring land rover in 2009 is a suitable case where the name Tata is known for production of trucks and military vehicles, but land rover is known for luxury cars and as such the change of the name perceived with strength should remain to keep the market moving smooth. The case of absorption acquisition as mentioned before where one companies gradually losses identity could be seen in the case if Safeway supermarket and Morrisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supermarket where Safeway gradually faded away. Chen and Tan (2011) examined how the deregulation of financial services industry has intensified in some European countries a significant portion of business handled by banks. This is because the deregulated banks have more financial capacity to manage and finance businesses with a confidence of measuring up at the end of the day. There were two hundred and thirteen mergers during 1989 to 2004 with the acquirer of a European bank and the target of an insurance company. This was because the growth and success rate of mergers was lucidly clear to business world at time, in that firms were on the lookout for a similar thriving company that they could merge resource and ideas together to achieve economies of scale and reduced overhead cost. Koetter (2007) was of the view that prior to the merger targets perform poorly compared to acquirers in many merger cases. The increasing efficiency of a firm reduces the hazards of takeovers but increases the risk if bank failures. Therefore, the probability of takeovers and failures is influence significantly by efficiency. Imala (2005) identified eight reasons for merger and acquisitions in the financial service sector. The identified reason are in relation cost savings attributed to economies of scale as well as more efficient allocation of resources; revenue enhancement which is derived from the impact of consolidation on bank size, scope, and overall market power; risk reduction due to change in organisational focus and efficient organizational structure; new development which imposes a high fixed cost and need to spread these costs across a large customer base; the advent of deregulation which removed many important legal and regulatory barriers; globalisation which engender a more globally integrated financial service and geographical expansion of banking operations; financial stability characterised by the smooth functioning of various components of the financial system, with each component resilient to shock; shareholders pressure on management to improve profit margins and returns on investment made possibly by new and powerful shareholders blocks. Nigerian Banking Environment According to Adegbaju (2007), there have been remarkable developments in the Nigerian banking sector over the years. Mergers and acquisition in Nigerian banks to took place in 2004 / 2005 commenced after an announcement by the CBN that all commercial banks in Nigeria should upgrade their minimum capital base too twenty five billion Naira before the end of December 2005. Umoren, (2009) examined the benefits of the fortification and consolidation of the Nigerian banking system as it could be seen as the first phase where by such reforms are made to help to guarantee a well built and reliable banking sector that is also considered to be diversified to ensure depositors safety. The role of money in the development of any nation cannot be over emphasized and the Nigerian economy needs to be capable and competitive in the African continent particular as well as the world in general. Madabueze (2008) mentioned that the recent reforms in Nigeria banking sector which required the banks to source for high capital base to the tune of twenty five billion naira which is put at approximately one hundred and ninety million dollars, recorded a sharp drop down of the number of banks from eighty-nine to less than twenty-four currently in operation. He further argued that this will enable the Nigerian banks to become relevant and active players in the international scene, helping the image of Nigeria as a financial capital of some sort of (china of Africa). The Nigerian economic policy was regarded as an economically fragile policy some decades before then but the recapitalization process has enable two recent developments which is a positive message to the international community. The CBN governor at that time, prof. Charles Soludo explained that before the recapitalization commenced, the Nigerian banks have not played their role in economic development because of their fee ble and frail capital base and as such, there was a great need to strengthen them through the consolidation process. Madabueze (2007) opined that the crusade requesting the CBN to be flexible with their position of recapitalization did not involve bankers alone as members of the national assembly in Nigeria also requested the CBN to reverse its decision of recapitalization to the amount twenty five billion naira. Is was further observed as he mentioned that members of the public were completely against the move as they felt the process will worsen the situation and many of them started making panic withdrawals from their accounts. On the other hand, the CBN also had its fair supporters which included the former president of the federal republic of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo who publicly showed his support for the twenty five billion capital base for banks, the Manufacturers association of Nigeria (MAN) who were completely in support of the policy claiming that it will enlarge the national economic base and help to position the real sector. Ogundele (2008) agreed that mergers are essentially the amalgamation of two or more companies that of all or the parties must be in existence legally and the surviving company continues to function in its originally registered name. In some case, merged companies find themselves out of business and leave its assets and liabilities to the acquiring company. Williams and Rao (2006) focus on mergers and acquisition because they are events that correspond to considerable changes in the asset structure of the bank. Commercial bank faces different risk, capital structure and regulatory environments as against firms that have been traditionally studied for governance effects and managerial risk aversion. Owokalade (2006) observed the definition of mergers as posited by the company and allied matters act decree of 1990 that any amalgamation of the undertakings of two or more companies or the undertaking of two or more companies and one or more bodies corporate. He emphasized that a form of dealings combination whereby two or more companies join collectively to become one; being voluntary liquidated by having it interest taken by the other and its shareholders becoming shareholders in the blown up existing company. Kurfi (2010) is of the view that mergers as a principle of the combination of two or more companies that translate same business purposes and agree to come together and decide whichever the given name of one of the companies or absolutely take a new name. He further mentioned that amalgamation is another word for merger. Mergers usually occur between firms of almost same size and are usually friendly. In the case of Stanbic bank and IBTC bank, they arrive at a name StanbicIBTC bank plc after their merger and the resultant name was due to the friendship earlier involved and almost same size of the banks. Kazmi (2006) grouped merger into four: horizontal, vertical concentric and conglomerate mergers. Further explanation revealed that horizontal mergers takes place where there is a combination of two or more firms in the same business, or an organisation engaged in certain aspects of the production and marketing process. When there is a merger of two or more firms but necessary in the same business which might be complementary in supply of materials or marketing is referred to as a vertical merger. The concentric merger takes place when there is a combination of two or more firms related to each other in line of function, customer group or alternative technologies used. Conglomerate merger occurs when there is a combination of two or more firms that are unrelated in customer function, customer group, and alternative technologies. There are situations where a company gets involved in all the above listed forms of mergers. For example, HP a computer and printers giant has merged with Com paq recently and before then acquire Apollo computers which related, acquired Agilent technologies which were into chemicals and medical business, acquired Mercury Interactive which was a software company. The UBA Merger Mergers and acquisition is simply a different approach encourage survival of the fittest is to give rise to a stronger, more efficient, better structure and skilled industry. The Guardian Newspaper reported in 2005 the UBA merger started with separate meetings where that boards of directors of UBA and Standard Trust Bank Plc accepted the arrangement for a union of both financial institutions. The bank aimed to become the biggest bank in West African and one of the largest in Africa. When they considered the assets of both banks before the merger, it was observed that had a formidable asset base after accessing their portfolios at that time and when is been concretised, they could customers from all sectors of the economy. It has over 100 branches spread out strategically across the country in what is described as the largest truly online real-time banking network in sub-Saharan Africa. It is often referred to as Nigerias neighbourhood bank. This derives from its national orientation in terms of geographic spread and continuing national expansion. Wheelen and Hunger (2008) confirmed that UBA the former Trade bank and Citi express bank because the firms were different in sizes and as such they can either be friendly or hostile. Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s UBA is a merger between two predecessors banks, legacy UBA and Standard Trust Bank (STB) which were ranked third and fifth in size respectively prior to the 2005 CBN reform and consolidation programme. It was a huge success as the ability to anticipate industry trends, coupled with the banks agility, enabled them to be the first successful merger in the history of Nigerian banking industry, thus creating the current UBA plc which its management rates as the largest financial services institution on West Africa. As the economies of Nigeria and Africa continues to improve, following the established path of the emerging market; i.e. increased political stability, improved government finances, growing domestic consumer demand, high commodity prices and significant improvement in the economic indicators, the UBA is well positioned as a warrant on the African renaissance story. The presence of UBA in all commercial centres and major cities in Nigeria and Ghana has earned the bank the nickname: the neighbourhood bank. This appellation ties in with the UBA brand promise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The wise choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and guides our retail distribution strategy which enable us to deliver exactly should be expected by both potential and existing customers of the bank in respect to proximity, choice, convenience and customization. UBA is a bank that is operating out of two of the most vibrant economies in the sub region; Nigeria and Ghana, the new |UBA combines the financial strength of fifty-seven year UBA and the young , innovative and technology driven dynamism of the then STB. UBA has maintained a consistent and solid financial performance in its forty-five year history since it began business in 1961. The bank has record history of leading and pioneering innovations in Nigerian financial sector. It is the first ever and only Nigerian bank to surpass the one trillion balance sheet size with contingents inclusive. It is the only sub-Saharan African bank excluding republic of South Africa that has a branch in New York, USA. UBA was ranked the number one bank in Nigeria in 2007, and bank of the year award (Thisday, 2007). This was due to the banks outstanding performance in the banking sector. Euromoney (2000) confirmed that UBA was the best domestic bank in Nigeria and was the first among international banks to be registered under Nigerian law. The bank has received excellence credit ratings both short and long term, global credit rating (SA) AA+ and A+ in 2005.UBA is the first Nigerian bank to offer an IPO following its listing on the Nigerian stock exchange in 1970. UBA was the first Nigerian bank to introduce a Cheque Guarantee Scheme known as the UBACARD in 1986. It was the first bank to introduce the Nigerian Government Bond index in 2006. It was also the only Nigerian company with the GDR programme. The GDR is a negotiable certificate representing ownership of shares. They are quoted and traded in US dollars and the dividends are paid in same currency. It is specially designed to facilitate the purchase, holding and sale of non US securities by foreign investor. This GDR programme enables foreign institutional investors to hold and trade UBA shares without having to expatriate funds into Nigeria. This Depositary Receipt (GDR) is preferred by some investors who are unable to hold Nigerian securities for compliance reasons or due to a lack of the appropriate infrastructure for holding an ordinary share. The GDR also trade, clear and settle according to international market conventions rather than those prevalent in Nigeria (UBA Report, 2008) West Africa and indeed everywhere the bank has presence. It is simple, elegant, vibrant and memorable, combining the mustard seed of legacy STB and the typographic execution of the letters UBA, predominantly in red and white. During the period of the former standard trust bank plc (STB Plc) acquired 27.34% of the United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA plc) and this transaction resulted not a merger between the two banks, whereby all assets and liabilities of standard trust bank Plc were transferred to UBA Plc. The entire share capital of STB was cancelled and STB was dissolved without being wound up and the shareholders of STB were allotted UBA shares.